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WEBVTT 1 00:00:30.525 --> 00:00:33.485 Greetings, welcome to Cyber Focus, your source 2 00:00:33.545 --> 00:00:35.205 for international business information. 3 00:00:36.065 --> 00:00:39.445 I'm your host Christopher Rice, and our guest today is Dr. 4 00:00:39.635 --> 00:00:41.645 Jean Badlin. Dr. 5 00:00:41.865 --> 00:00:43.805 Badlin is an assistant professor 6 00:00:43.825 --> 00:00:46.685 of history at Missouri State University. 7 00:00:47.275 --> 00:00:50.005 He's studied and taught in Turkey, great Britain 8 00:00:50.505 --> 00:00:51.725 and Iraqi Kurdistan. 9 00:00:52.185 --> 00:00:56.165 He holds a PhD in Oriental Studies from the University 10 00:00:56.165 --> 00:01:00.005 of Oxford and focuses his research on ethno national 11 00:01:00.445 --> 00:01:03.285 activism of Kurds during the late Ottoman Empire. 12 00:01:04.225 --> 00:01:08.605 He is currently finalizing a monography on Kur participation 13 00:01:08.745 --> 00:01:11.645 in Ottoman Affairs leading up to World War I. 14 00:01:12.855 --> 00:01:14.285 Today, Dr. 15 00:01:14.505 --> 00:01:18.125 Badlin will draw on his extensive research into Kurdish 16 00:01:18.125 --> 00:01:20.445 history to discuss contemporary issues 17 00:01:20.865 --> 00:01:22.685 and identity in Kurdistan. 18 00:01:23.475 --> 00:01:25.245 Gene, thank you so much for joining us today. 19 00:01:25.245 --> 00:01:26.605 Thank you so much for hosting me. 20 00:01:27.915 --> 00:01:30.525 Well, gene, to start out, Kurdistan is one 21 00:01:30.525 --> 00:01:33.445 of the more unique nations that you can see in the world. 22 00:01:33.955 --> 00:01:36.005 It's split among four different countries 23 00:01:36.005 --> 00:01:37.925 and has a significant dra. 24 00:01:38.625 --> 00:01:41.285 How do Kurds differ in each of these countries, 25 00:01:41.345 --> 00:01:44.565 and what do you see as the key characteristics 26 00:01:44.625 --> 00:01:46.725 of a singular Kurdish community? 27 00:01:47.355 --> 00:01:48.965 Yeah. Okay. Let me start by kind 28 00:01:48.965 --> 00:01:51.645 of reversing your question, uh, the order of your question. 29 00:01:51.675 --> 00:01:54.405 Okay. And, uh, starting with what binds Kurds together. 30 00:01:54.825 --> 00:01:58.085 So I think the fundamental thing that binds, uh, 31 00:01:58.215 --> 00:02:00.925 Kurds together across the Middle East is their, um, 32 00:02:01.235 --> 00:02:04.845 adherence or their, uh, uh, sentimental attachment 33 00:02:05.065 --> 00:02:06.365 to a Kurdish identity. 34 00:02:06.365 --> 00:02:09.805 Mm-hmm. And, you know, it's important, I think, to note that 35 00:02:10.845 --> 00:02:13.445 although different Kurds in different countries might 36 00:02:13.445 --> 00:02:16.925 interpret that identity, uh, in different ways mm-hmm. 37 00:02:17.105 --> 00:02:21.685 Uh, they all kind of, uh, regard themselves as being part 38 00:02:21.685 --> 00:02:24.325 of a singular community, a singular nation with a, 39 00:02:24.475 --> 00:02:26.205 with a sort of singular history, 40 00:02:26.665 --> 00:02:30.205 and often share a very similar historical narrative on, 41 00:02:30.225 --> 00:02:32.045 you know, contemporary affairs 42 00:02:32.065 --> 00:02:35.005 and how things, uh, have got to the way they are today. 43 00:02:35.395 --> 00:02:37.645 However, I think it's also important that we have 44 00:02:37.645 --> 00:02:40.485 to emphasize the differences between the, uh, 45 00:02:40.795 --> 00:02:42.645 Kurdish communities, both within, 46 00:02:43.065 --> 00:02:44.485 uh, specific nation states. 47 00:02:44.545 --> 00:02:47.805 So, for example, in Iraqi Kurdistan, you have major, uh, 48 00:02:48.005 --> 00:02:50.165 political differences between different factions. 49 00:02:50.185 --> 00:02:53.005 You have, uh, uh, the Kurdistan Democratic Party, 50 00:02:53.005 --> 00:02:55.085 which has been traditionally the dominant faction 51 00:02:55.425 --> 00:02:58.445 and the opposition factions, including the, uh, 52 00:02:58.445 --> 00:03:00.005 patriotic union of Kurdistan. 53 00:03:00.345 --> 00:03:03.325 And the, uh, movement for change, the Goran movement. 54 00:03:03.505 --> 00:03:05.845 And all of these, uh, movements have like a, a, 55 00:03:05.925 --> 00:03:07.405 a long history of rivalry 56 00:03:07.705 --> 00:03:10.405 and, uh, uh, you know, conflict between, uh, 57 00:03:10.405 --> 00:03:11.885 between each, uh, each of them. 58 00:03:12.825 --> 00:03:13.885 Uh, however, uh, 59 00:03:13.885 --> 00:03:15.805 there's also another aspect to the, uh, of this. 60 00:03:15.905 --> 00:03:18.405 In the last a hundred years, you know, Kurz, as you noted, 61 00:03:18.405 --> 00:03:20.565 have lived in different nation states, uh, 62 00:03:20.585 --> 00:03:22.805 in the Middle East, and the Kurdish identity 63 00:03:22.905 --> 00:03:24.765 and the Kurdish political movement in each 64 00:03:24.765 --> 00:03:28.005 of those countries has been deeply affected by the, uh, 65 00:03:28.405 --> 00:03:30.805 specific political process in those, uh, countries. 66 00:03:30.805 --> 00:03:34.245 Mm-hmm. So, Kurdish activism in Turkey is very different 67 00:03:34.245 --> 00:03:35.885 from Kurdish activism in Iraq. 68 00:03:35.905 --> 00:03:38.885 Yes, because the history of Turkey is, uh, 69 00:03:38.945 --> 00:03:40.165 uh, is different from Iraq. 70 00:03:40.165 --> 00:03:42.605 The economic structures in Turkey are different from Iraq. 71 00:03:42.985 --> 00:03:47.765 Uh, the, um, uh, the state policies towards the, uh, 72 00:03:48.155 --> 00:03:50.765 towards the Kurds are different from Iraq or Syria or Iran. 73 00:03:51.025 --> 00:03:54.045 And, uh, the movements that have developed in, in, 74 00:03:54.045 --> 00:03:56.685 in those countries reflect, uh, 75 00:03:57.265 --> 00:03:59.725 the political dev developments in the, 76 00:03:59.725 --> 00:04:01.365 the host country as, as it were. 77 00:04:01.365 --> 00:04:03.845 Mm-hmm. So the Kurdish movements in each country, uh, 78 00:04:03.945 --> 00:04:06.045 are quite different in the way, uh, in their, 79 00:04:06.045 --> 00:04:08.445 both their political objectives, their political history. 80 00:04:08.745 --> 00:04:13.645 And that difference nowadays goes down to the very DNA 81 00:04:14.065 --> 00:04:17.205 of, uh, what is to be Kurdish in each of those countries. 82 00:04:17.225 --> 00:04:19.885 So, for example, uh, in Turkey, 83 00:04:20.105 --> 00:04:24.005 the Kurdish language is a very important symbolic issue, uh, 84 00:04:24.145 --> 00:04:25.165 to Turkish Kurds. 85 00:04:25.305 --> 00:04:27.805 But in practice, the Kurdish movement in Turkey, uh, 86 00:04:28.085 --> 00:04:30.045 conducts most of its affairs in Turkish. 87 00:04:30.365 --> 00:04:33.085 Hmm. Fascinating. Whereas in Iraq, uh, 88 00:04:34.405 --> 00:04:37.525 language is a far more, uh, important part, not only 89 00:04:37.865 --> 00:04:39.165 as a symbolic issue, 90 00:04:39.165 --> 00:04:40.285 but as a practical issue 91 00:04:40.305 --> 00:04:42.285 as the Kurdish language is widely spoken 92 00:04:42.385 --> 00:04:45.165 and used, not only in, in spoken, uh, language, 93 00:04:45.185 --> 00:04:47.125 but also in, uh, a written language. 94 00:04:47.545 --> 00:04:50.125 And of course, you know, obviously, uh, as you might expect, 95 00:04:50.125 --> 00:04:53.765 sometimes Iraqi Kurds look down on Turkish Kurds as being, 96 00:04:54.145 --> 00:04:56.685 uh, you know, uh, not proper Kurds 97 00:04:56.685 --> 00:04:58.085 because they don't usually speak Kurdish 98 00:04:58.085 --> 00:04:59.685 or their Kurdish is, is not good. 99 00:05:00.025 --> 00:05:02.845 On the other hand, Turkish Kurds often look down on, uh, 100 00:05:03.015 --> 00:05:06.245 Iraqi Kurds regarding them as being socially conservative, 101 00:05:07.045 --> 00:05:08.325 reactionary tribal, 102 00:05:09.025 --> 00:05:12.325 all the things which the Kurdish movement in Turkey has kind 103 00:05:12.325 --> 00:05:14.965 of rejected as being part of, uh, 104 00:05:14.985 --> 00:05:16.925 the bad side of Kurdish history. Yeah. 105 00:05:17.255 --> 00:05:20.245 Great. Well, branching off of our discussion on identity, 106 00:05:20.555 --> 00:05:23.485 your research predominantly focuses on Kurdish history 107 00:05:23.485 --> 00:05:24.805 before World War I. 108 00:05:25.595 --> 00:05:28.965 What effect do you see this time period having on the sense 109 00:05:28.965 --> 00:05:30.325 of identity among Kurds? 110 00:05:31.515 --> 00:05:34.845 Does being Kurdish hold different meaning now than it did 111 00:05:34.845 --> 00:05:36.205 toward the end of the Ottoman Empire? 112 00:05:37.395 --> 00:05:38.485 Well, the short answer to 113 00:05:38.485 --> 00:05:39.725 the question is, I would say yes. 114 00:05:40.145 --> 00:05:42.605 And I think that's true of any national identity 115 00:05:42.705 --> 00:05:43.725 or any community. 116 00:05:43.905 --> 00:05:47.525 You know, they have to be situated, uh, historically. 117 00:05:47.945 --> 00:05:51.085 So what it means to be Kurdish today is very different from 118 00:05:51.085 --> 00:05:53.605 what, what it means to be Kurdish a hundred years ago. 119 00:05:53.705 --> 00:05:55.005 And it's very different from what it meant 120 00:05:55.005 --> 00:05:57.325 to be Kurdish 50 years ago, or even 20 years ago. 121 00:05:57.425 --> 00:06:02.205 We have to always place identity within a very specific, uh, 122 00:06:02.345 --> 00:06:03.645 uh, historical context. 123 00:06:03.785 --> 00:06:05.845 Now, that doesn't mean of course there aren't, uh, 124 00:06:05.955 --> 00:06:09.485 through lines between the Kurdish identity today 125 00:06:09.505 --> 00:06:12.205 and the Kurdish identity in the late Ottoman period, uh, 126 00:06:12.205 --> 00:06:15.485 but I would probably on balance emphasize elements 127 00:06:15.645 --> 00:06:17.725 of change rather than continuity. 128 00:06:17.745 --> 00:06:21.125 Mm-hmm. But there are important points, uh, to note, uh, 129 00:06:21.195 --> 00:06:23.125 when looking at the late Ottoman period, 130 00:06:23.385 --> 00:06:27.605 and specifically what I mean by this is, uh, the, 131 00:06:27.705 --> 00:06:30.685 the late Ottoman period was the period in which the modern 132 00:06:30.685 --> 00:06:33.445 Kurdish identity, a modern Kurdish political activism 133 00:06:33.455 --> 00:06:34.525 first took root. 134 00:06:34.985 --> 00:06:39.085 So, uh, in, in a historical sense, 135 00:06:39.235 --> 00:06:41.445 it's the period in which we see the first Kurdish 136 00:06:41.445 --> 00:06:45.285 newspapers, the first extensive discussions on what kur, uh, 137 00:06:45.285 --> 00:06:48.045 what the Kurdish identity is, what aspects of Kurdish, uh, 138 00:06:48.045 --> 00:06:50.365 culture are important, uh, what the role 139 00:06:50.365 --> 00:06:51.885 of the Kurdish language should be. 140 00:06:51.885 --> 00:06:55.805 Mm-hmm. And, and so we see newspapers, associations, and, 141 00:06:55.985 --> 00:06:58.365 and a lively civil society debate. 142 00:06:58.745 --> 00:07:00.285 One of the, uh, one 143 00:07:00.285 --> 00:07:02.085 of the problems in studying Middle Eastern history. 144 00:07:02.085 --> 00:07:03.605 And one of the weaknesses I think 145 00:07:03.605 --> 00:07:06.925 that Middle Eastern historians have had is often they, uh, 146 00:07:07.665 --> 00:07:10.205 ignore some of the important, uh, developments 147 00:07:10.205 --> 00:07:12.245 that took place in the late Ottoman, uh, era. 148 00:07:12.345 --> 00:07:16.365 Now, there are reasons, uh, for that specifically, you know, 149 00:07:16.365 --> 00:07:18.325 the nation states that were created outta the 150 00:07:18.375 --> 00:07:19.485 ashes of the Ottoman State. 151 00:07:19.505 --> 00:07:23.125 Yes. That often, uh, wanted to, uh, kind 152 00:07:23.125 --> 00:07:25.645 of ignore the ottoman past to denigrate the ottoman past. 153 00:07:25.645 --> 00:07:27.485 Mm-hmm. But I think it's important to note that, 154 00:07:27.485 --> 00:07:30.845 especially in the late era, uh, especially in, in the years 155 00:07:30.845 --> 00:07:31.925 between 1908, 156 00:07:31.985 --> 00:07:34.125 the constitutional revolution in the Ottoman Empire, 157 00:07:34.125 --> 00:07:36.085 when the Ottoman Empire didn't, 158 00:07:36.085 --> 00:07:37.525 it didn't become a democracy, but there 159 00:07:37.525 --> 00:07:38.805 was relative openness. 160 00:07:39.105 --> 00:07:41.445 We have the emergence of a civil society. Yes. 161 00:07:41.585 --> 00:07:44.165 And, uh, Kurd participated in 162 00:07:44.165 --> 00:07:46.925 that civil society discussing issues of identity, 163 00:07:47.025 --> 00:07:48.685 how they should relate to the state mm-hmm. 164 00:07:48.795 --> 00:07:51.245 What problems their community, uh, uh, has. 165 00:07:51.505 --> 00:07:52.845 And there are some through lines 166 00:07:52.845 --> 00:07:54.365 with the debates that we see today. 167 00:07:54.545 --> 00:07:57.005 So, for example, in the late Ottoman, uh, era, there were 168 00:07:57.565 --> 00:08:00.045 numerous debates amongst Kurdish intellectuals about the 169 00:08:00.045 --> 00:08:02.765 issue of education, economic development, 170 00:08:03.185 --> 00:08:06.085 and those are issues which are still very much, uh, 171 00:08:06.105 --> 00:08:07.645 in the minds of Kurds today. 172 00:08:07.855 --> 00:08:09.485 Often when we look at the Kurdish question, 173 00:08:09.495 --> 00:08:11.205 especially from the West, and, uh, 174 00:08:11.425 --> 00:08:14.325 and especially from this kind of journalistic superficial, 175 00:08:14.585 --> 00:08:17.965 uh, way of looking at, at, at it, we get the impression 176 00:08:17.965 --> 00:08:20.685 that, you know, it's purely an issue of statehood and, uh, 177 00:08:20.985 --> 00:08:22.045 and the Kurds whether they should have, 178 00:08:22.425 --> 00:08:23.765 uh, a nation state or not. 179 00:08:24.185 --> 00:08:27.405 But, uh, the Kurdish question is, is broader than that. 180 00:08:27.545 --> 00:08:29.805 And one of the key issues for, uh, 181 00:08:30.155 --> 00:08:32.365 Kurdish intellectuals has not only been the issue 182 00:08:32.365 --> 00:08:34.325 of statehood, but also the issue of social 183 00:08:34.625 --> 00:08:36.485 and economic development of the community. 184 00:08:36.715 --> 00:08:40.685 Yeah. So, and, and those issues of social economic, uh, 185 00:08:41.025 --> 00:08:44.405 and economic development are perhaps the most important 186 00:08:44.405 --> 00:08:47.405 through line between the Kurdish movement in the late 187 00:08:47.605 --> 00:08:49.205 Ottoman Empire and the Kurdish movement today. 188 00:08:49.205 --> 00:08:52.285 Those, you know, when one reads the newspapers published 189 00:08:52.455 --> 00:08:55.845 after the 1908, uh, uh, Ottoman Revolution, the, 190 00:08:55.845 --> 00:08:59.765 the Kurdish newspapers that were published, one cannot help 191 00:08:59.905 --> 00:09:02.645 but feel there's some kind of, uh, they have some kind 192 00:09:02.645 --> 00:09:03.725 of contemporary relevance 193 00:09:03.725 --> 00:09:05.645 because many of the issues that are being discussed in those 194 00:09:05.645 --> 00:09:08.085 newspapers, for example, how do we deal 195 00:09:08.085 --> 00:09:09.565 with tribalism in our community? 196 00:09:09.905 --> 00:09:12.005 How do we get our children to be educated? 197 00:09:12.185 --> 00:09:15.485 How do we promote, uh, economic development 198 00:09:15.705 --> 00:09:17.285 and progress in our society? 199 00:09:17.515 --> 00:09:20.405 Well, those debates are still being discussed today amongst, 200 00:09:20.505 --> 00:09:23.125 uh, Kurdish political, uh, elites 201 00:09:23.125 --> 00:09:24.525 and the Kurdish general public 202 00:09:24.525 --> 00:09:25.805 across the Middle East. Mm-hmm. 203 00:09:26.275 --> 00:09:28.205 Well, speaking of independence, uh, whether 204 00:09:28.205 --> 00:09:29.565 that is in statehood 205 00:09:29.565 --> 00:09:31.205 or in economics, uh, 206 00:09:31.205 --> 00:09:33.805 Kurdish independence is a century old movement as, 207 00:09:33.905 --> 00:09:36.605 as you've referred to, that's recently gained significant 208 00:09:36.845 --> 00:09:39.525 traction in Iraq, uh, ultimately did not succeed. 209 00:09:39.905 --> 00:09:42.765 Can you talk to us about, about why the referendum from 210 00:09:43.005 --> 00:09:44.365 September did not succeed 211 00:09:44.425 --> 00:09:46.765 and what implications this has regionally? 212 00:09:47.835 --> 00:09:50.725 Well, there were a number of reasons why the, uh, 213 00:09:50.815 --> 00:09:53.685 referendum, uh, didn't, uh, didn't succeed. 214 00:09:54.145 --> 00:09:58.005 You'll often, you'll probably hear, for example, divisions 215 00:09:58.005 --> 00:10:01.005 amongst the Iraqi Kurdish leadership over the 216 00:10:01.055 --> 00:10:02.405 referendum were a factor. 217 00:10:03.025 --> 00:10:06.885 Uh, um, and actually that's often one of the most, uh, 218 00:10:07.105 --> 00:10:09.725 that's a important factor that we have to look at. 219 00:10:09.725 --> 00:10:12.885 However, I think the primary reason Kurdish independence, 220 00:10:13.305 --> 00:10:15.485 uh, in Iraq was unsuccessful, was 221 00:10:15.485 --> 00:10:18.045 because it did not receive international backing. 222 00:10:18.045 --> 00:10:20.325 Mm-hmm. If you look at the broad history 223 00:10:20.325 --> 00:10:21.845 of nationalist movements, you know, 224 00:10:22.035 --> 00:10:25.645 from the late 18th century to the present day, we see that, 225 00:10:25.825 --> 00:10:29.645 uh, intensity of nationalist feeling, uh, 226 00:10:29.995 --> 00:10:32.605 doesn't have a direct relationship with the success 227 00:10:32.625 --> 00:10:34.205 or failure of a nationalist movement. 228 00:10:34.425 --> 00:10:35.845 Let me give you a little example of this. 229 00:10:36.305 --> 00:10:38.205 In the late Ottoman period, per, uh, 230 00:10:38.205 --> 00:10:41.285 perhaps the most active, uh, community in promo, uh, 231 00:10:41.285 --> 00:10:43.765 in pushing for national demands were the Armenians. 232 00:10:44.225 --> 00:10:47.325 Uh, they had the most, uh, advanced political organizations. 233 00:10:47.325 --> 00:10:50.165 They had a, a, a very well organized diaspora network. 234 00:10:50.175 --> 00:10:52.285 There were a number of Armenian political parties. 235 00:10:52.865 --> 00:10:56.365 So, you know, if intensity of nationalist feeling and, and 236 00:10:56.365 --> 00:10:58.525 and sort of developed nature of organi, uh, 237 00:10:58.585 --> 00:11:03.565 of nationalist organizations were related to, uh, the issue 238 00:11:03.565 --> 00:11:05.045 of gaining statehood, 239 00:11:05.145 --> 00:11:06.925 you would expect the Armenians would've gained statehood. 240 00:11:06.925 --> 00:11:10.405 Mm-hmm. Which they did not. And so, uh, we need to break 241 00:11:10.405 --> 00:11:13.565 that kind of notion that, you know, nations, uh, you know, 242 00:11:13.565 --> 00:11:16.125 the, the more intense the national feeling is, the, 243 00:11:16.125 --> 00:11:17.325 the more successful the nation, 244 00:11:17.585 --> 00:11:20.045 the most important factor is foreign support. 245 00:11:20.075 --> 00:11:22.085 Even in the United States, the, uh, 246 00:11:22.225 --> 00:11:24.285 the American Revolution was only successful 247 00:11:24.285 --> 00:11:26.325 because of the intervention of foreign powers. 248 00:11:26.745 --> 00:11:29.565 And if we look, uh, for example, let's say the independence 249 00:11:29.565 --> 00:11:31.605 of Bangladesh, it was made possible 250 00:11:31.605 --> 00:11:34.125 by Indian military intervention, the independence 251 00:11:34.125 --> 00:11:37.085 of crossover made possible by foreign intervention. 252 00:11:37.225 --> 00:11:41.725 So, uh, when we want to understand why the Kurds failed to, 253 00:11:41.745 --> 00:11:43.605 to get a state, uh, uh, a state, 254 00:11:43.905 --> 00:11:46.085 why the referendum in Iraqi Kurdistan failed, 255 00:11:46.405 --> 00:11:48.965 I think the primary factor we have 256 00:11:48.965 --> 00:11:51.485 to look at are the international conditions. 257 00:11:51.665 --> 00:11:53.910 The Iraqi Kurdish leadership took a gamble. 258 00:11:54.435 --> 00:11:59.285 They, uh, hoped to kind of, uh, uh, basically, 259 00:12:00.065 --> 00:12:02.525 you know, force the American's hand say, support us 260 00:12:02.525 --> 00:12:04.725 or the central government, and the gamble failed. 261 00:12:04.905 --> 00:12:07.605 Yes. So I think that's the primary reason 262 00:12:07.715 --> 00:12:09.765 that Kurdish independence failed, 263 00:12:09.765 --> 00:12:12.405 because it's entirely possible, you know, that, uh, uh, 264 00:12:12.465 --> 00:12:15.085 you can have a, a very divided national movement, such 265 00:12:15.085 --> 00:12:17.925 as in South Sudan, they can gain independence, 266 00:12:17.925 --> 00:12:20.365 and then you have obviously in afterwards a failed state. 267 00:12:20.365 --> 00:12:22.925 But, you know, the, the initial sort of recognition 268 00:12:22.925 --> 00:12:24.405 of independence is less to do 269 00:12:24.405 --> 00:12:25.605 with what's going on on the ground 270 00:12:25.665 --> 00:12:28.405 and more to do with the international, uh, 271 00:12:28.405 --> 00:12:29.485 conditions. Okay. 272 00:12:30.115 --> 00:12:33.405 Well, how does the Kurdish economic situation currently 273 00:12:33.595 --> 00:12:35.885 compare to other ethnic groups in the region? 274 00:12:36.505 --> 00:12:39.925 Uh, how has oppression in Kurdish regions affected the 275 00:12:39.925 --> 00:12:41.005 ability of youth to work? 276 00:12:42.035 --> 00:12:45.045 Well, I mean, the conditions in sort of different parts 277 00:12:45.045 --> 00:12:47.445 of Kurdistan, whether we're talking about Turkey 278 00:12:47.665 --> 00:12:49.245 or whether we're talking about Syria, 279 00:12:49.435 --> 00:12:50.725 whether we're talking about Iraq, 280 00:12:50.725 --> 00:12:54.205 whether we're talking about Iran, uh, there are sort of, uh, 281 00:12:55.525 --> 00:12:57.845 specificities for each of those cases. 282 00:12:58.625 --> 00:13:03.405 So, uh, for example, in Iraq, um, we've seen enormous, 283 00:13:03.825 --> 00:13:06.285 at least on paper, economic growth, uh, 284 00:13:06.375 --> 00:13:09.565 since 2003. 285 00:13:10.075 --> 00:13:14.205 However, uh, much of that economic growth is 286 00:13:15.065 --> 00:13:16.405 in non-productive sectors. 287 00:13:16.405 --> 00:13:20.005 So we see a lot of, uh, land speculation. 288 00:13:20.465 --> 00:13:23.525 We see a lot of service industries being, uh, created, 289 00:13:23.905 --> 00:13:25.125 uh, often failing. 290 00:13:25.785 --> 00:13:28.965 Uh, we see a huge state sector as well, which, you know, 291 00:13:28.975 --> 00:13:31.045 sucks up a lot of, uh, a lot 292 00:13:31.045 --> 00:13:33.965 of the revenue the Iraqi Kurdish regional government has. 293 00:13:34.345 --> 00:13:35.965 So there has been economic growth, 294 00:13:35.965 --> 00:13:38.565 but the fruits of that economic growth in Iraqi Kurdistan 295 00:13:38.715 --> 00:13:40.845 have not been well distributed. 296 00:13:40.905 --> 00:13:44.205 And there is a significant degree of anger, especially 297 00:13:44.285 --> 00:13:47.725 amongst younger people, about their prospects for work. 298 00:13:48.105 --> 00:13:50.685 Uh, Iraqi Kurdistan, uh, you know, 299 00:13:51.725 --> 00:13:53.445 although on the surface has a kind of, uh, 300 00:13:53.535 --> 00:13:58.285 democratic facade, ultimately the Iraqi Kurdish government 301 00:13:58.865 --> 00:14:02.485 did not change the fundamental economic system 302 00:14:02.635 --> 00:14:04.565 that had been promoted by Sadam Mosse. 303 00:14:04.785 --> 00:14:08.325 So you have this patronage network, uh, um, uh, 304 00:14:08.325 --> 00:14:10.965 which Sadam Mosse used to maintain control to main, uh, 305 00:14:11.365 --> 00:14:12.565 maintain control of the population. 306 00:14:12.905 --> 00:14:14.405 And although we've seen the kind 307 00:14:14.405 --> 00:14:16.925 of the political sphere in Iraqi Stan liberalized, 308 00:14:16.925 --> 00:14:18.565 to a certain degree, there are multiple parties. 309 00:14:18.695 --> 00:14:22.765 There are sort of a semi free press in terms 310 00:14:22.765 --> 00:14:23.885 of economic structures. 311 00:14:23.885 --> 00:14:25.405 You still have that patron client network. 312 00:14:25.545 --> 00:14:27.765 And for many young people, there's anger 313 00:14:27.765 --> 00:14:28.965 because, uh, 314 00:14:29.025 --> 00:14:31.445 if you don't have the right connections, you don't get the good jobs. 315 00:14:31.445 --> 00:14:35.685 Right. And there aren't that many jobs, uh, exciting indu, 316 00:14:36.165 --> 00:14:39.365 interesting jobs, uh, for, for, for people to do. 317 00:14:39.425 --> 00:14:40.605 So there's a lot 318 00:14:40.605 --> 00:14:42.685 of frustration about the lack of opportunity. 319 00:14:42.985 --> 00:14:45.245 And this frustration in Iraqi Stan is getting greater 320 00:14:45.305 --> 00:14:48.085 and greater because they see a contrast between, you know, 321 00:14:48.085 --> 00:14:49.685 these big skyscrapers are going up, 322 00:14:49.685 --> 00:14:52.365 but they don't seem to be feeling the, the, the benefits of 323 00:14:52.365 --> 00:14:54.445 that, or they don't feel that they have, you know, 324 00:14:54.585 --> 00:14:55.925 uh, fair opportunities. 325 00:14:56.225 --> 00:14:58.605 All the good positions go to someone who's connected 326 00:14:58.605 --> 00:15:00.885 with the party or who has the right family connections. 327 00:15:01.115 --> 00:15:02.245 It's not meritocratic. 328 00:15:02.265 --> 00:15:04.925 And that, that's a big problem for Iraqi culture society. 329 00:15:05.425 --> 00:15:08.525 Now, in Turkey, for example, uh, you have a kind 330 00:15:08.525 --> 00:15:09.885 of different situation. 331 00:15:10.065 --> 00:15:13.445 Turkey since, uh, 2002, since the Justice 332 00:15:13.505 --> 00:15:16.245 and development party of, uh, wan came to Powell, 333 00:15:17.145 --> 00:15:19.845 has seen some kind of, uh, economic growth. 334 00:15:20.345 --> 00:15:24.725 And, um, you've seen the expansion of businesses into, uh, 335 00:15:25.365 --> 00:15:29.125 turkey's, uh, Kurdish region, like national chains and so on 336 00:15:29.125 --> 00:15:31.845 and so forth, uh, that have been developing. 337 00:15:31.945 --> 00:15:34.685 But ultimately, you still have a, a situation where the, 338 00:15:34.685 --> 00:15:37.645 where on a geographical level, there's enormous disparity 339 00:15:37.795 --> 00:15:40.925 between Turkey's, uh, Kurdish Southeast 340 00:15:41.145 --> 00:15:43.005 and the more developed western parts of the country. 341 00:15:43.225 --> 00:15:46.205 And again, with all these young people who sort of leave, 342 00:15:46.585 --> 00:15:48.365 uh, either move to the big Kurdish cities 343 00:15:48.385 --> 00:15:52.605 or move to cities in the Western Analia, you have 344 00:15:53.265 --> 00:15:54.685 few economic opportunities 345 00:15:55.305 --> 00:15:58.165 and a lot of, uh, discontent and anger. 346 00:16:00.275 --> 00:16:01.405 Well, gene, thank you so much 347 00:16:01.405 --> 00:16:02.765 for coming in to share with us today. 348 00:16:02.835 --> 00:16:05.285 It's been a pleasure. Very interesting stuff. Thank 349 00:16:05.485 --> 00:16:06.485 You so much. 350 00:16:07.665 --> 00:16:10.085 That's all for this edition of Cyber Focus. 351 00:16:10.305 --> 00:16:11.405 Thanks for tuning in. 352 00:16:11.865 --> 00:16:14.845 If you have any comments or suggestions for future topics, 353 00:16:14.945 --> 00:16:18.165 please let us know at cyber C-I-B-E-R, 354 00:16:18.255 --> 00:16:20.285 cyber@indiana.edu.
The CIBER Focus Lesson Plans are resources created by teachers for teachers and are based on Indiana’s state curricula standards for multiple subjects.
IU CIBER’s newest video series features practitioners who discuss their careers and highlight the importance of language and culture across the spectrum of careers. This spectrum includes careers traditionally associated with language fluency, such as interpreters and foreign service officers, and also careers in business, hospitality and tradecraft.
Description of the video:
WEBVTT 1 00:00:04.075 --> 00:00:06.295 Hi, my name is Paula Delgadillo Helmer, 2 00:00:06.595 --> 00:00:08.975 and I'm a quality engineer for Dana Incorporated. 3 00:00:11.835 --> 00:00:14.775 My career is as a quality engineer for Dana Incorporated. 4 00:00:15.605 --> 00:00:18.095 I've been doing this for over five years now. 5 00:00:18.835 --> 00:00:22.455 Uh, Dana is a, uh, automotive manufacturer 6 00:00:22.475 --> 00:00:25.495 and supplier has done this for a long time now. 7 00:00:26.195 --> 00:00:29.895 Uh, they basically do, uh, drive time, uh, 8 00:00:30.305 --> 00:00:34.495 drive line components, uh, such as axles, axle components, 9 00:00:35.145 --> 00:00:37.895 drive shaft products, and much more. 10 00:00:41.055 --> 00:00:44.255 I consider myself a very systemic oriented person. 11 00:00:45.115 --> 00:00:49.375 So, um, I enjoy structure, I enjoy troubleshooting. 12 00:00:50.035 --> 00:00:53.935 So, uh, as, as my role as a quality engineer, I get to 13 00:00:54.825 --> 00:00:57.095 experience this almost on a daily basis. 14 00:00:57.795 --> 00:01:02.175 Uh, also it's, it's, it's different every day 15 00:01:02.205 --> 00:01:05.335 with having to troubleshoot different issues, um, 16 00:01:05.335 --> 00:01:09.455 whether it be out on the floor, whether it be a, a customer 17 00:01:09.635 --> 00:01:10.855 or issue with the customer. 18 00:01:11.355 --> 00:01:15.655 So, um, overall, I, I enjoy the, the, 19 00:01:15.915 --> 00:01:19.055 the whole experience of troubleshooting, of, of dealing 20 00:01:19.055 --> 00:01:21.855 with the customer, but also ensuring that the, uh, 21 00:01:21.855 --> 00:01:23.295 manufacturing processes 22 00:01:23.295 --> 00:01:26.135 that we put in place are being followed, um, 23 00:01:26.705 --> 00:01:29.215 based on a specific procedure or norm. 24 00:01:31.915 --> 00:01:34.135 My career certainly has a global component. 25 00:01:34.795 --> 00:01:39.535 Um, in fact, uh, Dana's, uh, located, uh, worldwide, 26 00:01:39.635 --> 00:01:43.455 we got locations, um, uh, in the us. 27 00:01:43.755 --> 00:01:46.495 Uh, uh, we got locations in Europe, 28 00:01:47.365 --> 00:01:48.935 Asia, south America. 29 00:01:49.595 --> 00:01:52.335 So, uh, we got manufacturing plants. 30 00:01:52.635 --> 00:01:55.975 We got, uh, assembly plants, distribution centers. 31 00:01:56.795 --> 00:02:01.055 So, uh, for example, I had the opportunity to travel 32 00:02:01.195 --> 00:02:04.695 to Mexico just a couple years ago to, uh, 33 00:02:04.715 --> 00:02:08.455 do some translation work, uh, uh, work with my, uh, 34 00:02:08.725 --> 00:02:13.015 Dana team there with, uh, uh, doing some benchmarking, um, 35 00:02:13.015 --> 00:02:15.575 helping them, um, troubleshoot some 36 00:02:15.575 --> 00:02:16.815 of some of their own issues. 37 00:02:17.475 --> 00:02:19.375 It was, it was certainly a great experience. 38 00:02:19.555 --> 00:02:23.095 Uh, I would say some of my linguistic skills too, uh, 39 00:02:23.095 --> 00:02:26.175 played a big role there, helping the, the entire team. 40 00:02:26.835 --> 00:02:31.095 Um, so, uh, just like that, uh, previous jobs too. 41 00:02:31.235 --> 00:02:35.775 Um, I had the opportunity to, to travel around the world to, 42 00:02:35.915 --> 00:02:38.335 to more specific to, to Germany and, 43 00:02:38.355 --> 00:02:41.055 and France also doing some translation work. 44 00:02:41.315 --> 00:02:45.535 So, um, it's, uh, traveling around the world and, 45 00:02:45.595 --> 00:02:49.575 and picking eventually a, a job that allowed me to do that 46 00:02:49.675 --> 00:02:53.055 and or, or have that, that experience, that ability, uh, 47 00:02:53.315 --> 00:02:55.695 was, was, uh, played, played a big role when, 48 00:02:55.695 --> 00:02:57.935 when deciding which career to pick. 49 00:02:58.395 --> 00:03:03.005 So, um, I, I would say Dana does allow for that and, 50 00:03:03.005 --> 00:03:05.525 and does play a big role in globally. 51 00:03:08.945 --> 00:03:12.885 The multicultural skills, um, I use for this position and, 52 00:03:13.145 --> 00:03:14.405 and more so in the 53 00:03:15.065 --> 00:03:19.285 or beyond what this position requires is, is, uh, 54 00:03:20.495 --> 00:03:23.325 originates from, from the languages. 55 00:03:23.605 --> 00:03:27.965 I, I, uh, I know I, I'm, originally, I should mention, 56 00:03:28.105 --> 00:03:32.045 I'm originally from, uh, Bolivia, where Spanish is, is the, 57 00:03:32.225 --> 00:03:33.325 the primary language. 58 00:03:33.325 --> 00:03:36.925 But I also, but I also grew, um, uh, 59 00:03:37.315 --> 00:03:38.605 knowing Portuguese 60 00:03:38.605 --> 00:03:41.285 because of my mother, uh, which is from Brazil 61 00:03:41.865 --> 00:03:43.765 and those two languages. 62 00:03:43.945 --> 00:03:47.645 Um, and obviously English allows me to, um, 63 00:03:48.925 --> 00:03:52.445 communicate and, and, uh, use, uh, these at work in, 64 00:03:52.465 --> 00:03:53.685 in a, in a different manner. 65 00:03:53.945 --> 00:03:55.605 Um, as I mentioned 66 00:03:55.605 --> 00:03:58.565 before, we got locations around the world, so 67 00:03:59.345 --> 00:04:02.845 having ha uh, being able to know Portuguese, Spanish 68 00:04:03.225 --> 00:04:06.405 and English obviously has allowed me to communicate with, 69 00:04:06.795 --> 00:04:09.645 effectively with, with our, our customers around the world, 70 00:04:10.225 --> 00:04:15.205 um, uh, with, uh, just being able 71 00:04:15.205 --> 00:04:17.445 to work with them at a different level, connect to them, 72 00:04:17.555 --> 00:04:20.885 with them at a different level, um, travel places. 73 00:04:21.625 --> 00:04:26.365 So it's, um, it's, it's a big factor when, 74 00:04:27.195 --> 00:04:30.845 when, when we speak about communication, when we speak about 75 00:04:31.515 --> 00:04:33.165 working in projects together. 76 00:04:33.985 --> 00:04:38.325 And, uh, it's, it's definitely a, um, a useful tool, 77 00:04:38.625 --> 00:04:43.405 if you will, As a supervisor. 78 00:04:43.565 --> 00:04:48.125 I would encourage every, um, future employee to 79 00:04:48.715 --> 00:04:51.965 have had the experience to, uh, travel 80 00:04:52.625 --> 00:04:56.645 or if traveling is not an, an option to have, um, 81 00:04:56.895 --> 00:04:58.485 study other cultures, just 82 00:04:58.485 --> 00:05:02.645 because I've, I've personally seen the, the, the value in, 83 00:05:02.705 --> 00:05:06.565 in, uh, understanding other cultures, seeing how they, um, 84 00:05:06.945 --> 00:05:11.005 go about resolving certain things, how they, um, react. 85 00:05:11.435 --> 00:05:16.205 It's in, in today's world, lots 86 00:05:16.205 --> 00:05:18.405 of businesses are becoming more and more global. 87 00:05:19.105 --> 00:05:21.005 So, uh, and, 88 00:05:21.025 --> 00:05:24.605 and I think every company strives to, to expand 89 00:05:24.825 --> 00:05:26.725 and which means become more global. 90 00:05:27.425 --> 00:05:31.885 And, and, and with that said, it's, it becomes very valuable 91 00:05:31.985 --> 00:05:36.165 for you to have, uh, experience, uh, other cultures, um, 92 00:05:36.865 --> 00:05:39.685 be, become, become open-minded to other ideas. 93 00:05:40.185 --> 00:05:42.085 And so I think traveling does that, and it, 94 00:05:42.085 --> 00:05:43.485 and it traveling is not an option. 95 00:05:44.285 --> 00:05:46.125 Studying other, other cultures too. 96 00:05:46.385 --> 00:05:48.645 And why not other, other languages. 97 00:05:49.115 --> 00:05:52.045 Just being equipped with all that be makes you a, 98 00:05:52.245 --> 00:05:53.925 a more valuable employee. 99 00:05:57.105 --> 00:05:58.885 The advice I would have for, um, 100 00:05:59.445 --> 00:06:00.565 students entering this career, 101 00:06:00.565 --> 00:06:03.645 particularly the quality assurance field, um, 102 00:06:04.225 --> 00:06:07.445 or the automotive industry, manufacturing in general, 103 00:06:07.985 --> 00:06:09.165 is to be open-minded. 104 00:06:09.625 --> 00:06:12.965 Um, the automotive industry is a fast growing and, 105 00:06:13.185 --> 00:06:15.165 and evolving industry. 106 00:06:15.945 --> 00:06:20.685 So be open-minded, be be ready for adaptations, be ready 107 00:06:20.745 --> 00:06:24.445 to, to learn new, new skills such as different languages. 108 00:06:25.025 --> 00:06:29.685 Um, just, um, seek to improve yourself. 109 00:06:29.915 --> 00:06:34.045 Seek, seek to seek to learn new things and, um, 110 00:06:34.425 --> 00:06:37.605 and grow both personally and professionally.
From 2016-2018, an annual symposium brought together noted thought leaders to explore theoretical and practical questions related to sustainable development and economic globalization. Partnering with the IU area studies centers and professional schools, topics covered included human migration, alternative energy, and cybersecurity.
Description of the video:
WEBVTT 1 00:00:05.705 --> 00:00:08.525 As Emily so, so eloquently said, I'd like to welcome you 2 00:00:08.525 --> 00:00:09.725 to this wonderful conference. 3 00:00:09.725 --> 00:00:13.165 And I'd also like to congratulate the units at, um, Indiana. 4 00:00:13.255 --> 00:00:14.685 First of all for cooperating. 5 00:00:14.685 --> 00:00:17.125 Those of us who work in the academy know that to pull 6 00:00:17.125 --> 00:00:20.005 that many centers together is a lot like her and cats. 7 00:00:20.505 --> 00:00:23.085 Um, and secondly, because it's so topical 8 00:00:23.825 --> 00:00:25.845 and it gives us an amazing chance 9 00:00:25.985 --> 00:00:29.125 to do something really interesting intellectually engaging 10 00:00:29.185 --> 00:00:32.805 and meaningful on a day with that, many 11 00:00:32.805 --> 00:00:35.405 of us may find challenging for other reasons. 12 00:00:35.745 --> 00:00:37.765 Um, so it's good that you're here instead 13 00:00:37.765 --> 00:00:40.085 of watching CNN put it outta your mind, Francis. 14 00:00:40.555 --> 00:00:44.645 Okay? It's very hard that that's your right. Yes. 15 00:00:44.785 --> 00:00:47.565 So it's better to do something productive. Right? Okay. 16 00:00:47.825 --> 00:00:49.605 So migration and sustainability, 17 00:00:49.715 --> 00:00:52.845 this was a wonderful idea on Indiana's part 18 00:00:52.945 --> 00:00:56.125 to focus discussions on migration and sustainability. 19 00:00:56.125 --> 00:00:58.165 They've brought together a collection of amazing papers 20 00:00:58.675 --> 00:01:00.205 that give us a global scope. 21 00:01:00.455 --> 00:01:03.805 Everything from Burma to Central Asia to Muslims in Europe. 22 00:01:04.385 --> 00:01:05.925 Um, it brings in 23 00:01:05.945 --> 00:01:07.925 and opens up amazing opportunities 24 00:01:08.065 --> 00:01:10.085 for comparative perspectives on migration. 25 00:01:10.555 --> 00:01:13.485 Migration is a specific action 26 00:01:13.635 --> 00:01:15.405 that an individual actor takes 27 00:01:15.465 --> 00:01:17.125 and they experience it individually. 28 00:01:17.385 --> 00:01:19.565 It is seen through the prism of their gender, 29 00:01:19.565 --> 00:01:21.685 through their ethnicity, through their language, 30 00:01:21.685 --> 00:01:23.405 through their culture, their sending state, 31 00:01:23.495 --> 00:01:24.605 their receiving state. 32 00:01:24.995 --> 00:01:27.645 It's an individual process, it's a family process. 33 00:01:28.185 --> 00:01:30.725 But in culmination it is a national 34 00:01:30.725 --> 00:01:32.205 process and a global process. 35 00:01:33.025 --> 00:01:36.645 How long the global system of migration as we see it today, 36 00:01:36.715 --> 00:01:39.565 will sustain itself is in question, 37 00:01:39.645 --> 00:01:41.405 particularly demographically, 38 00:01:41.405 --> 00:01:43.205 and I'll get to that at the end of my comments, 39 00:01:43.255 --> 00:01:45.085 which trust me will be brief. 40 00:01:45.555 --> 00:01:49.085 Okay? It's not just in terms of comparing 41 00:01:49.105 --> 00:01:51.005 how individuals experience migration 42 00:01:51.025 --> 00:01:52.805 or how states experience migration, 43 00:01:53.025 --> 00:01:55.605 but also to compare on the levels in which we 44 00:01:55.835 --> 00:01:57.045 analyze migration. 45 00:01:57.505 --> 00:01:59.285 Are we looking at it at the familial 46 00:01:59.305 --> 00:02:00.445 or the individual level? 47 00:02:00.585 --> 00:02:03.405 How people assimilate, how families make their way, 48 00:02:03.865 --> 00:02:06.085 or are we really thinking about this at the level 49 00:02:06.085 --> 00:02:08.685 of communities, how people integrate, people 50 00:02:08.785 --> 00:02:11.645 who are different, or people who challenge their ideas 51 00:02:11.785 --> 00:02:13.525 of citizenship or equity. 52 00:02:14.545 --> 00:02:18.885 How states deal with ideas of human rights, how states deal 53 00:02:18.885 --> 00:02:23.205 with openness or closedness in their society, 54 00:02:23.945 --> 00:02:27.725 and also the way in which migrants either forced migrants 55 00:02:27.725 --> 00:02:28.925 or economic migrants, 56 00:02:29.905 --> 00:02:32.085 if those categories mean anything in today's world, 57 00:02:34.085 --> 00:02:37.225 are they simply our new scapegoat in the global economy? 58 00:02:38.005 --> 00:02:41.265 The targeting, shall we say, of nationalist populism 59 00:02:41.265 --> 00:02:42.865 that's arising across the globe 60 00:02:43.365 --> 00:02:46.385 to be somehow the harbinger, the new threat? 61 00:02:46.605 --> 00:02:49.265 Are they indeed to think, to borrow a term from ziel, 62 00:02:49.365 --> 00:02:51.465 the new outsiders in the world? 63 00:02:52.125 --> 00:02:53.745 So we have a lot to cover today 64 00:02:54.165 --> 00:02:56.545 and we're gonna cover issues about migration systems. 65 00:02:57.525 --> 00:02:59.925 Are they resilient or are they reforming? 66 00:03:00.505 --> 00:03:04.045 The globe right now is divided still in those sorts of 67 00:03:04.615 --> 00:03:07.485 large scale migration systems that Doug Massey 68 00:03:07.485 --> 00:03:09.725 and colleagues have talked about decades ago. 69 00:03:10.065 --> 00:03:11.925 We have the North American migration system, 70 00:03:12.415 --> 00:03:13.525 we've got the Gulf system. 71 00:03:13.975 --> 00:03:18.725 We've got, um, specific sending countries that tend 72 00:03:18.745 --> 00:03:22.085 to send to a specific set of destination countries. 73 00:03:22.425 --> 00:03:25.725 My area of expertise in, uh, an area that's, that has 74 00:03:26.445 --> 00:03:29.645 numerous experts here on the Indiana campus is Eurasia. 75 00:03:30.025 --> 00:03:32.485 The fact that the former Soviet Union continues 76 00:03:32.485 --> 00:03:35.645 to send millions of labor migrants into the Russian 77 00:03:35.645 --> 00:03:39.605 Federation for now in a situation that for any American 78 00:03:39.625 --> 00:03:43.205 that's strikingly familiar in terms of scapegoating 79 00:03:43.225 --> 00:03:45.045 and also the economic impact. 80 00:03:45.545 --> 00:03:49.845 So what will happen with migration systems are we think 81 00:03:49.845 --> 00:03:51.805 of them as really resilient, right? 82 00:03:51.895 --> 00:03:54.525 These are pathways will tread pathways 83 00:03:54.595 --> 00:03:57.525 that people will follow, but are they reforming? 84 00:03:57.715 --> 00:03:58.805 There's two countries 85 00:03:58.805 --> 00:04:00.525 that I think give is really interesting 86 00:04:00.525 --> 00:04:01.645 insight to that question. 87 00:04:01.905 --> 00:04:03.525 One is the, is is Georgia. 88 00:04:03.915 --> 00:04:07.125 Georgia often sent all their labor migrants up into Russia. 89 00:04:07.625 --> 00:04:11.325 Um, it doesn't take an expert in Soviet studies to tell you 90 00:04:11.325 --> 00:04:15.565 that that pathway became closed very, um, quickly 91 00:04:16.545 --> 00:04:18.005 in the mid two thousands. 92 00:04:18.155 --> 00:04:22.685 Georgia now ceased has not ceased to send over migrants just 93 00:04:22.685 --> 00:04:23.885 because they can't get into Russia. 94 00:04:24.355 --> 00:04:25.565 They can get into Turkey. 95 00:04:26.355 --> 00:04:29.485 They will find ways to get into other European countries, 96 00:04:29.585 --> 00:04:32.525 and so maybe Georgia will start a different migration 97 00:04:33.105 --> 00:04:35.885 system flow that a different set of pathways 98 00:04:36.155 --> 00:04:37.605 that others from the s 99 00:04:37.625 --> 00:04:39.885 or indeed Central Asia may well follow. 100 00:04:40.865 --> 00:04:43.285 The second one is Peru and is part of Latin America. 101 00:04:43.425 --> 00:04:44.565 We think they're ours, right? 102 00:04:44.875 --> 00:04:46.965 It's a North American migration system 103 00:04:47.865 --> 00:04:50.125 and it also isn't in Peru. 104 00:04:50.925 --> 00:04:52.845 A recent dissertation that I supervised, 105 00:04:52.975 --> 00:04:56.165 there are now three nursing schools that are run 106 00:04:56.225 --> 00:04:57.645 by the government of Italy. 107 00:04:59.065 --> 00:05:00.965 You go to nursing school in Italian, 108 00:05:01.905 --> 00:05:04.815 you pass your nursing boards for Italy, 109 00:05:05.275 --> 00:05:08.295 and as soon as you graduate, you get a work visa to go 110 00:05:08.295 --> 00:05:09.415 to Italy to work. 111 00:05:09.675 --> 00:05:13.495 Mm-hmm. Migration systems are reforming 112 00:05:13.715 --> 00:05:16.335 and how they will reform in the future will have major 113 00:05:16.335 --> 00:05:19.015 implications to how countries compete. 114 00:05:19.125 --> 00:05:22.335 More migrants, we think of migrants as something we need 115 00:05:22.335 --> 00:05:23.375 to build wall to keep out. 116 00:05:23.875 --> 00:05:27.655 But in the coming decades, as developed countries continue 117 00:05:27.655 --> 00:05:30.975 to age, as the number of new labor market entrants continue 118 00:05:30.975 --> 00:05:34.415 to decline and the needs for basic services increase, 119 00:05:35.035 --> 00:05:38.415 we may well see huge shifts in migration systems 120 00:05:38.955 --> 00:05:41.295 as they reform and as we start to have 121 00:05:41.295 --> 00:05:43.415 to compete for migration. 122 00:05:43.755 --> 00:05:47.055 So a completely different picture than the one perhaps 123 00:05:47.055 --> 00:05:48.215 being painted today in. 124 00:05:49.665 --> 00:05:52.135 We're also gonna think about migration in the environment 125 00:05:52.195 --> 00:05:54.055 and migration and sustainability. 126 00:05:54.395 --> 00:05:57.245 And I think that this is a really forward looking, well, 127 00:05:58.395 --> 00:06:01.805 migration in the environment is the emerging topic. 128 00:06:01.945 --> 00:06:05.285 And so I see a lot of young faces, um, actually most 129 00:06:05.285 --> 00:06:06.885 of you look younger from my perspective, 130 00:06:06.945 --> 00:06:11.165 but many of you are markedly younger, okay, 131 00:06:11.445 --> 00:06:12.765 markedly younger than others. 132 00:06:12.945 --> 00:06:15.725 And so as you're thinking about migration as a topic, 133 00:06:15.925 --> 00:06:16.965 I wanna really encourage you 134 00:06:16.965 --> 00:06:18.805 to think about migration in the environment 135 00:06:18.955 --> 00:06:22.085 because as we look forward, it's the environment 136 00:06:22.085 --> 00:06:23.845 that's going to be driving new 137 00:06:24.465 --> 00:06:27.245 and threatening mass migration streams. 138 00:06:27.595 --> 00:06:29.805 This is related to declines in water 139 00:06:31.285 --> 00:06:35.045 precipitation generating enormous migration out of areas, 140 00:06:35.705 --> 00:06:37.805 um, including Central Asia. 141 00:06:38.305 --> 00:06:40.605 In the central regions of Uzbekistan, 142 00:06:40.955 --> 00:06:43.445 crop production has declined 20%. 143 00:06:43.935 --> 00:06:46.645 Water precipitation has declined about 144 00:06:47.385 --> 00:06:49.885 20% over the last five decades. 145 00:06:50.305 --> 00:06:51.645 People are moving out. 146 00:06:51.935 --> 00:06:53.725 Those people are moving into the cities 147 00:06:53.955 --> 00:06:55.565 that encourages people in the cities 148 00:06:55.665 --> 00:06:56.845 to consider going to Russia. 149 00:06:57.555 --> 00:06:59.685 This is what's going to be driving migration. 150 00:07:00.145 --> 00:07:02.685 And when we remember that global warning is a fact, 151 00:07:03.345 --> 00:07:06.165 and I'm former professor at the University of Texas, 152 00:07:06.235 --> 00:07:08.165 even Perry admitted this the other day, 153 00:07:08.165 --> 00:07:09.325 which is quite shocking. 154 00:07:10.245 --> 00:07:14.565 I must dropped my teeth, um, global warms. 155 00:07:15.545 --> 00:07:18.245 But the vast majority of the Globe's population lives 156 00:07:18.245 --> 00:07:19.765 where along the coast, 157 00:07:20.385 --> 00:07:24.085 all we need are very small increases in water level 158 00:07:24.665 --> 00:07:28.565 to make places uninhabitable and to drive through migration. 159 00:07:28.665 --> 00:07:32.245 So migration in the environment is a great area to get into, 160 00:07:32.305 --> 00:07:34.605 and certainly it affects both setting the receiving 161 00:07:34.605 --> 00:07:35.885 states across the globe. 162 00:07:37.345 --> 00:07:39.455 We're gonna talk about migration in context. 163 00:07:39.635 --> 00:07:42.135 And here I'm going to take a page from my colleague, 164 00:07:42.135 --> 00:07:45.175 professor Farmer and borrow shamelessly from public health 165 00:07:45.555 --> 00:07:47.775 as demographer who kind of swing both ways. 166 00:07:47.915 --> 00:07:49.535 So I'm gonna pull that in 167 00:07:49.755 --> 00:07:50.815 and invite us all 168 00:07:50.815 --> 00:07:53.215 to consider things about migration behavior, 169 00:07:53.425 --> 00:07:55.415 which is something that we've always focused on. 170 00:07:56.135 --> 00:07:57.575 Migrants are risk takers. 171 00:07:57.605 --> 00:07:59.415 They are young, they have human capital. 172 00:07:59.525 --> 00:08:02.655 They're going to benefit from moving to a new 173 00:08:02.795 --> 00:08:05.175 and more profitable economic situation. 174 00:08:06.085 --> 00:08:08.895 What are the attributes of an individual that make them more 175 00:08:08.895 --> 00:08:10.215 or less likely to migrate? 176 00:08:11.355 --> 00:08:14.255 Are, and they are positively selected, so they 177 00:08:14.935 --> 00:08:17.455 innately benefit receiving societies. 178 00:08:18.395 --> 00:08:21.815 We know a little, we know a bit about migration behavior, 179 00:08:22.095 --> 00:08:23.735 although that's a rich area for research, 180 00:08:24.195 --> 00:08:27.895 but what we have not yet really articulated well, I think 181 00:08:27.955 --> 00:08:29.055 as a group of, uh, 182 00:08:29.055 --> 00:08:31.295 interdisciplinary scholars looking at migration 183 00:08:32.035 --> 00:08:33.175 is migration context. 184 00:08:33.755 --> 00:08:35.975 And that's the context at sending states 185 00:08:36.005 --> 00:08:39.815 that helps push people out, either due to a lack 186 00:08:39.815 --> 00:08:43.775 of economic opportunity in intensive political oppression, 187 00:08:45.415 --> 00:08:47.415 specific discrimination policies, 188 00:08:48.715 --> 00:08:52.175 or whether it's the context of people welcoming them in 189 00:08:52.315 --> 00:08:55.095 or in some cases not welcoming them in. 190 00:08:56.075 --> 00:09:00.125 When taji newspapers have a special section 191 00:09:00.705 --> 00:09:01.725 on the diaspora 192 00:09:02.785 --> 00:09:06.965 and the lead story tends to focus on the number of killings 193 00:09:06.965 --> 00:09:10.485 and beatings of migrant workers in the Russian Federation. 194 00:09:11.035 --> 00:09:14.525 That changes the migration context. 195 00:09:14.525 --> 00:09:17.565 And we're starting to see that that feeds into this idea 196 00:09:17.625 --> 00:09:19.645 of reformation of migration systems 197 00:09:19.985 --> 00:09:23.085 and reconsideration of destinations. 198 00:09:23.505 --> 00:09:26.725 And so I wanna, um, uh, encourage us as we listen 199 00:09:26.725 --> 00:09:28.205 to these spectacular papers, 200 00:09:28.385 --> 00:09:30.165 to really think about migration context 201 00:09:30.385 --> 00:09:31.925 and what are those structural things 202 00:09:32.395 --> 00:09:33.845 that are pushing people out. 203 00:09:34.305 --> 00:09:35.765 In essence, this all goes back 204 00:09:35.765 --> 00:09:38.325 to the key joke we all know about social science, right? 205 00:09:38.585 --> 00:09:41.685 And as somebody who, who did a ba in ma in economics 206 00:09:41.685 --> 00:09:45.005 and then the PhD in demography, I'm, I'm, 207 00:09:45.065 --> 00:09:46.365 I'm on both sides of the fence, right? 208 00:09:46.735 --> 00:09:48.525 Economists study how people make choices. 209 00:09:48.745 --> 00:09:50.245 That's our library behavior. 210 00:09:50.985 --> 00:09:52.485 Now I'm in a sociology department. 211 00:09:52.545 --> 00:09:54.085 We study how people have no choice 212 00:09:54.505 --> 00:09:55.765 and that's migration context. 213 00:09:56.505 --> 00:09:58.085 And so I want us to think about both 214 00:09:58.085 --> 00:09:59.805 of those two things as we go forward. 215 00:10:01.245 --> 00:10:03.595 We're gonna look at sending and receiving processes. 216 00:10:04.045 --> 00:10:07.675 We're gonna look at at ideas about who migrates in gender 217 00:10:08.255 --> 00:10:11.555 age, the implication of different types of migration, 218 00:10:12.215 --> 00:10:13.915 and also migrant selectivity, 219 00:10:14.085 --> 00:10:15.955 which we know very little about. 220 00:10:16.815 --> 00:10:17.835 Now. In one 221 00:10:17.835 --> 00:10:21.315 of the seminal books written about forced migration, Francis 222 00:10:21.535 --> 00:10:25.915 and d argued that forced migrants tend to be comprised 223 00:10:25.915 --> 00:10:28.075 of the elderly and with 224 00:10:29.175 --> 00:10:31.155 disproportionate members of children. 225 00:10:32.585 --> 00:10:34.095 Where did they get that information? 226 00:10:34.395 --> 00:10:36.775 As a consultant for U-N-H-C-R, I can tell you 227 00:10:36.775 --> 00:10:37.975 where they got this information. 228 00:10:38.515 --> 00:10:40.575 You go to a migrant refugee camp, 229 00:10:41.035 --> 00:10:42.575 you open up the registration desk 230 00:10:42.955 --> 00:10:44.415 and people come and register. 231 00:10:44.635 --> 00:10:46.015 And who comes to register? 232 00:10:46.715 --> 00:10:50.415 The elderly who need medical care, women who are trying 233 00:10:50.415 --> 00:10:51.735 to provide for their families 234 00:10:52.755 --> 00:10:55.975 and whose time is to be blunt, not valued. 235 00:10:56.115 --> 00:10:58.655 So it's okay for them to wait in line all day. Wow. 236 00:10:58.835 --> 00:11:02.415 And children who want to go to school, if 237 00:11:03.195 --> 00:11:07.415 for example, we opened a a, a, um, 238 00:11:09.845 --> 00:11:14.125 a free ticket giveaway booth on campus for, 239 00:11:15.925 --> 00:11:18.025 oh, I don't know, let's say Toby Keith, 240 00:11:18.915 --> 00:11:21.825 would we get a random sample of the Indiana student body? 241 00:11:23.955 --> 00:11:26.915 Probably not. And to assume that that's 242 00:11:26.915 --> 00:11:28.835 what the selectivity characteristics are 243 00:11:29.015 --> 00:11:30.155 is really quite dangerous. 244 00:11:31.035 --> 00:11:32.875 'cause what ends up happening is then you start 245 00:11:32.875 --> 00:11:36.275 to get people talking about pictures 246 00:11:36.535 --> 00:11:40.355 of refugees trying to flee war torn areas like Syria 247 00:11:40.415 --> 00:11:41.795 and say, well, there's men there. 248 00:11:41.795 --> 00:11:44.085 Those can't be forced migrant, right? 249 00:11:44.255 --> 00:11:45.365 Those must be economic. 250 00:11:46.435 --> 00:11:47.645 What we do know and 251 00:11:47.645 --> 00:11:50.565 what we don't know is something not too hide, 252 00:11:50.705 --> 00:11:51.965 but rather to celebrate 253 00:11:52.105 --> 00:11:55.485 and think about how lots of areas may be, 254 00:11:55.865 --> 00:11:57.445 um, well researched. 255 00:11:57.505 --> 00:11:59.085 But for young researchers in the room, 256 00:11:59.155 --> 00:12:00.885 migration is still a bloom field. 257 00:12:01.585 --> 00:12:03.765 We still have a lot that we dunno 258 00:12:04.815 --> 00:12:07.315 and questioning that could make a really great career. 259 00:12:09.095 --> 00:12:14.035 So, um, three big things I think that really come out 260 00:12:14.095 --> 00:12:17.195 of all of the papers are this idea 261 00:12:17.335 --> 00:12:19.235 of categorization, right? 262 00:12:20.525 --> 00:12:22.875 Who's a force migrant? Who's an economic migrant 263 00:12:23.455 --> 00:12:26.715 as Paul Farmer introduced decades back, think about poverty 264 00:12:26.855 --> 00:12:29.355 as a element of structural violence. 265 00:12:29.905 --> 00:12:34.435 Okay? Is poverty generating 266 00:12:35.075 --> 00:12:36.995 economic migrants or forced migrants? 267 00:12:38.275 --> 00:12:39.415 We live in a society 268 00:12:39.425 --> 00:12:42.975 where many people live at a very low income level 269 00:12:43.145 --> 00:12:47.215 where they are vulnerable to climatic variation, to 270 00:12:48.765 --> 00:12:50.535 very small economic shocks 271 00:12:50.645 --> 00:12:52.495 that can make their lives unsustainable 272 00:12:52.675 --> 00:12:53.935 and plunk them to migraine. 273 00:12:54.805 --> 00:12:57.935 Does that make them economic migrants or first migrants? 274 00:12:59.295 --> 00:13:03.395 In the 1950s when the un created the categories 275 00:13:03.935 --> 00:13:08.595 of refugee, we lived in a very different world in 2017. 276 00:13:08.885 --> 00:13:12.235 Those categorizations may need to be troubled. 277 00:13:12.575 --> 00:13:14.875 And I think we have some excellent discussions ahead 278 00:13:14.875 --> 00:13:17.435 of us today that will help us along that route. 279 00:13:18.535 --> 00:13:22.035 But in addition to the classification, I think we also have 280 00:13:22.035 --> 00:13:23.115 to think about the function 281 00:13:23.295 --> 00:13:26.195 of migration in the global society in Russian. 282 00:13:26.435 --> 00:13:27.875 I love to ask this question 283 00:13:27.875 --> 00:13:29.155 because they're always like, oh, 284 00:13:29.155 --> 00:13:30.395 we need a new migration policy. 285 00:13:30.495 --> 00:13:31.595 We need this, we need that. 286 00:13:31.775 --> 00:13:36.115 My answer is always coming at the who does it benefit 287 00:13:38.345 --> 00:13:42.275 migration globally right now benefits specific state actors. 288 00:13:42.455 --> 00:13:44.835 It benefits specific economic actors. 289 00:13:46.775 --> 00:13:49.595 It doesn't always benefit specific migration actors, 290 00:13:50.895 --> 00:13:52.835 but there are entrenched interest 291 00:13:52.895 --> 00:13:54.835 to keep migration both visible 292 00:13:55.055 --> 00:13:58.115 and invisible, both at sending states destinations, 293 00:13:58.895 --> 00:14:02.315 but also among specific actors in the global economy. 294 00:14:02.615 --> 00:14:05.795 And to really think about what the function of migration is 295 00:14:06.335 --> 00:14:08.435 can is really critical if we're going 296 00:14:08.435 --> 00:14:10.995 to enact useful migration policy. 297 00:14:11.665 --> 00:14:15.075 Because if we don't understand the intentions of actors, 298 00:14:15.465 --> 00:14:18.995 it's extraordinarily difficult to legislate better behavior. 299 00:14:20.935 --> 00:14:24.555 The third big thing I wanna in introduce that is going 300 00:14:24.555 --> 00:14:27.835 to be covered by our amazing panelists is that of time. 301 00:14:29.275 --> 00:14:31.155 I appreciate your time in coming today, 302 00:14:31.975 --> 00:14:35.115 but we also need to encourage us to think about migration 303 00:14:35.175 --> 00:14:37.995 and time, both force migration, economic migration, 304 00:14:38.315 --> 00:14:41.955 stepwise migration that is duration functioning 305 00:14:43.975 --> 00:14:47.795 as in terms of economic integration, social integration. 306 00:14:48.255 --> 00:14:49.955 How do people think about duration? 307 00:14:51.035 --> 00:14:54.285 Most of the models from the 1960s, I will ask for some 308 00:14:54.285 --> 00:14:55.885 of you that is ancient history. 309 00:14:55.995 --> 00:14:57.085 Some of us it's not. 310 00:14:57.865 --> 00:15:00.525 But most of those migration models really were thinking 311 00:15:00.525 --> 00:15:02.365 about people who pick up from one country 312 00:15:02.385 --> 00:15:04.005 and move to another, integrate 313 00:15:04.005 --> 00:15:05.245 live there for the rest of their lives. 314 00:15:05.755 --> 00:15:09.445 That is not the reality of global migration. 315 00:15:09.545 --> 00:15:11.965 Now we're looking at temporary migration. 316 00:15:12.135 --> 00:15:14.765 We're looking at stepwise migration where people will get 317 00:15:14.765 --> 00:15:16.285 to a country that they can tolerate 318 00:15:16.905 --> 00:15:18.245 and they're gonna hope to get 319 00:15:18.245 --> 00:15:20.205 to a better country afterwards. 320 00:15:21.105 --> 00:15:23.405 People are migrating for labor 321 00:15:23.585 --> 00:15:26.325 and turning to, uh, origin states. 322 00:15:26.835 --> 00:15:30.205 Once they retire, people are migrating. 323 00:15:30.385 --> 00:15:32.325 And this is particularly true in North America 324 00:15:32.385 --> 00:15:35.685 and Malaysia, migrating for dangerous, dirty 325 00:15:35.785 --> 00:15:38.405 and demeaning jobs, ruining their health 326 00:15:39.445 --> 00:15:41.505 and then being sent back home so 327 00:15:41.505 --> 00:15:43.905 that sending states not only lose their labor power, 328 00:15:44.005 --> 00:15:48.065 but also now have older informed citizens 329 00:15:48.215 --> 00:15:51.345 that they're responsible for caring for to to care for. 330 00:15:51.845 --> 00:15:54.385 So to really think about migration time 331 00:15:55.365 --> 00:15:58.465 and how we integrate that into our assessments of migration, 332 00:15:58.905 --> 00:16:00.185 I think could be who this all. 333 00:16:00.725 --> 00:16:03.545 And then lastly, I'd like us to think about sustainability. 334 00:16:03.765 --> 00:16:05.505 The topic of today's conference. 335 00:16:06.245 --> 00:16:08.545 Um, there's a couple of things that I would like 336 00:16:08.545 --> 00:16:10.665 to point out in terms of sustainability. 337 00:16:10.805 --> 00:16:13.665 The first one is this importance of the environment, um, 338 00:16:13.805 --> 00:16:16.345 and considering how migration is going to move forward 339 00:16:16.525 --> 00:16:18.425 and environmental drivers of migration. 340 00:16:18.965 --> 00:16:21.345 But secondly, we'll get back to my topic, 341 00:16:21.345 --> 00:16:24.825 which is demography, which is population. 342 00:16:25.085 --> 00:16:28.665 How is, how are long-term population trends going 343 00:16:28.685 --> 00:16:31.865 to impact the sustainability of the global migration system 344 00:16:32.245 --> 00:16:35.785 as it is today, receiving states like Western Europe 345 00:16:36.045 --> 00:16:37.945 and the United States continue to age 346 00:16:39.565 --> 00:16:42.345 new entrant in the labor market continue to decline. 347 00:16:43.285 --> 00:16:45.505 The fertility transition has already hit. 348 00:16:45.675 --> 00:16:50.065 Latin America has already hit Central Asia and the ies. 349 00:16:50.765 --> 00:16:53.545 And so over the next two decades, the number 350 00:16:53.545 --> 00:16:55.305 of new entrants into the labor market 351 00:16:55.365 --> 00:16:57.545 and those communities are going to fall. 352 00:16:58.355 --> 00:17:02.425 There will be fewer bodies potential to migrate. 353 00:17:04.075 --> 00:17:06.305 These are countries that exported 354 00:17:06.305 --> 00:17:08.585 what we call the demographic dividend, right? 355 00:17:08.585 --> 00:17:10.425 When you get your fertility under control, 356 00:17:11.135 --> 00:17:13.585 over time your economy benefits 357 00:17:13.585 --> 00:17:15.145 because you have a greater proportion 358 00:17:15.145 --> 00:17:16.945 of workers in your population. 359 00:17:17.535 --> 00:17:19.465 This is great. They compete for jobs, 360 00:17:19.695 --> 00:17:21.345 they spur economic growth. 361 00:17:21.735 --> 00:17:23.105 This is how development happens. 362 00:17:23.665 --> 00:17:27.355 Sending states have a tendency to export their dividend so 363 00:17:27.355 --> 00:17:29.035 that it benefits receiving states. 364 00:17:29.615 --> 00:17:31.875 Russia ate up Central Asia 365 00:17:32.095 --> 00:17:34.465 and the caucuses, demographic dividend. 366 00:17:34.685 --> 00:17:37.225 The United States, to a large extent, 367 00:17:37.795 --> 00:17:40.785 enjoy the demographic dividend from Latin America. 368 00:17:42.425 --> 00:17:45.805 As those age structures in those Sunday countries can 369 00:17:46.245 --> 00:17:49.525 continue to change and our demand for migrants 370 00:17:51.455 --> 00:17:56.205 grows, we're looking at a real question about the long-term 371 00:17:56.275 --> 00:17:59.645 demographic stability of the international migration system. 372 00:18:00.025 --> 00:18:02.285 And I think it's something for us to, to think about. 373 00:18:02.875 --> 00:18:06.925 Most aliens like communists, look to the African continent 374 00:18:07.425 --> 00:18:11.045 as a wonderful, um, potential 375 00:18:11.265 --> 00:18:12.525 for the generation 376 00:18:12.625 --> 00:18:15.805 of the new demographic dividend Africa over the coming 377 00:18:15.805 --> 00:18:17.925 decades, despite the ravages 378 00:18:17.925 --> 00:18:21.405 of the hiv aids pandemic is going to see their demographic 379 00:18:22.715 --> 00:18:26.565 profile become much more amenable to high economic growth, 380 00:18:26.975 --> 00:18:28.445 large and growing proportions 381 00:18:28.445 --> 00:18:30.965 of their population in the prime working ages. 382 00:18:33.645 --> 00:18:36.185 How will that affect international migration? 383 00:18:37.615 --> 00:18:39.505 Many economic analysts are arguing 384 00:18:39.615 --> 00:18:42.425 that this can spur economic development in Africa. 385 00:18:43.845 --> 00:18:45.905 I'd like them to talk to some of the ministers 386 00:18:45.905 --> 00:18:48.345 of labor in Latin America, in Central Asia 387 00:18:48.685 --> 00:18:51.025 and see what can be done to really make sure that 388 00:18:51.025 --> 00:18:55.065 that demographic dividend stays on the continent as opposed 389 00:18:55.065 --> 00:18:56.785 to being next grade elsewhere. 390 00:18:57.525 --> 00:18:59.985 But we'll see. I think if nothing else, we're in 391 00:18:59.985 --> 00:19:03.385 for interesting times, as they say when we're thinking about 392 00:19:03.385 --> 00:19:04.625 international migration. 393 00:19:04.685 --> 00:19:07.945 And I can't think of a better group of scholars to guide us. 394 00:19:08.085 --> 00:19:08.825 So I'll hand it.
The Doing Business in and with conference series brought government and business leaders in trade and investment together to share experience and understanding of doing business in and with a specific region/country each year.
Description of the video:
WEBVTT 1 00:00:07.525 --> 00:00:08.945 I'm Maria Ate. 2 00:00:09.045 --> 00:00:10.305 I'm the Associate Director 3 00:00:10.305 --> 00:00:13.625 of the African Studies Program at Indiana University 4 00:00:13.625 --> 00:00:17.985 Bloomington, and I am here to welcome all of you, 5 00:00:18.565 --> 00:00:20.905 uh, to this doing business in 6 00:00:21.085 --> 00:00:23.265 and with Africa Conference today. 7 00:00:23.925 --> 00:00:28.065 I'm very delighted that, um, my colleagues at, um, 8 00:00:28.565 --> 00:00:31.025 the Center for International Business Education 9 00:00:31.045 --> 00:00:34.265 and Research, um, organize this event. 10 00:00:34.845 --> 00:00:37.625 Um, I think we'll have, um, much interesting, 11 00:00:37.625 --> 00:00:39.225 many interesting presentations 12 00:00:39.405 --> 00:00:41.865 and hopefully discussion lively discussion. 13 00:00:42.405 --> 00:00:47.025 Um, it's a very appropriate, um, and timely topic, 14 00:00:47.605 --> 00:00:51.865 and Africa has a long history of trade and entrepreneurship, 15 00:00:52.485 --> 00:00:56.825 and that's often, um, overshadowed by the negative events, 16 00:00:57.005 --> 00:00:58.865 uh, that come from the continent 17 00:00:58.885 --> 00:01:00.345 or the, the, the negative news 18 00:01:00.455 --> 00:01:02.265 that we hear about the continent. 19 00:01:02.925 --> 00:01:04.985 Um, so thank you. 20 00:01:05.205 --> 00:01:09.825 Uh, welcome everyone, the audience, um, members of, um, 21 00:01:10.285 --> 00:01:12.745 the, uh, the panels, the invited speakers, 22 00:01:12.885 --> 00:01:13.945 and the moderators. 23 00:01:14.725 --> 00:01:17.905 Um, I also want to thank the committee members 24 00:01:18.325 --> 00:01:20.625 who were involved in planning this event. 25 00:01:21.245 --> 00:01:22.745 Uh, Peter Kirkwood 26 00:01:22.925 --> 00:01:24.505 and Enzo Kin 27 00:01:24.685 --> 00:01:27.465 of the International Center here in Indianapolis. 28 00:01:28.125 --> 00:01:30.985 And Tom Miller of the PNC Bank. 29 00:01:32.125 --> 00:01:35.465 And my very special thanks to Christine Everett 30 00:01:35.645 --> 00:01:39.905 and, um, Vicki Dixon, um, of, uh, the, um, 31 00:01:40.125 --> 00:01:42.185 the cyber, the, the Center 32 00:01:42.205 --> 00:01:44.465 for International Business Education and Research. 33 00:01:44.855 --> 00:01:47.385 This is in the Cali School of Business. 34 00:01:48.285 --> 00:01:51.905 Um, unfortunately, our keynote speaker, the originally 35 00:01:52.585 --> 00:01:56.105 original keynote speaker, uh, leader Fitz of the US Trade 36 00:01:56.105 --> 00:01:59.465 and Development Agency was unable to come. 37 00:01:59.805 --> 00:02:04.665 Um, she had a last minute business in, uh, Ghana, so she had 38 00:02:04.665 --> 00:02:05.985 to leave on very short notice. 39 00:02:06.885 --> 00:02:10.985 Um, but it, um, I don't think we are any the worth worse 40 00:02:11.005 --> 00:02:15.305 of it, um, because, um, David Reposo will replace her 41 00:02:15.325 --> 00:02:17.985 and I will introduce him, uh, in a minute. 42 00:02:19.145 --> 00:02:22.545 I just want to mention that, um, Monica Brown was 43 00:02:22.545 --> 00:02:24.745 to be on the, uh, first panel. 44 00:02:25.025 --> 00:02:29.905 I initially, um, she also was unable to come, um, 45 00:02:30.085 --> 00:02:33.345 but, uh, she's replaced by Patricia Sack. 46 00:02:34.045 --> 00:02:37.385 And, um, then in the afternoon, uh, 47 00:02:37.385 --> 00:02:39.665 George Thrower was unable to attend, 48 00:02:39.805 --> 00:02:41.985 and unfortunately we were not, um, able 49 00:02:42.045 --> 00:02:43.865 to find a replacement for him. 50 00:02:44.725 --> 00:02:47.225 Um, the event will be recorded, 51 00:02:47.885 --> 00:02:50.465 but if you need to go out, uh, um, 52 00:02:50.765 --> 00:02:53.745 and, um, for something, um, go ahead. 53 00:02:53.965 --> 00:02:55.145 Uh, it's not a problem. 54 00:02:57.205 --> 00:02:59.145 Um, so I'm very delighted 55 00:02:59.275 --> 00:03:01.645 that David Raposo could join us here. 56 00:03:02.225 --> 00:03:03.565 Um, he's the finance 57 00:03:03.825 --> 00:03:06.365 and Implementation manager, um, 58 00:03:06.825 --> 00:03:09.485 for Sub-Saharan Africa at the US Trade 59 00:03:09.505 --> 00:03:10.965 and Development Agency. 60 00:03:11.705 --> 00:03:13.725 Um, so Lida Fitz, uh, knew 61 00:03:13.725 --> 00:03:15.645 what she was doing when she recommended him 62 00:03:15.665 --> 00:03:17.405 as her replacement. 63 00:03:18.185 --> 00:03:20.605 Um, and in his position, uh, 64 00:03:20.625 --> 00:03:25.325 he helps energy ventures in Sub-Saharan Africa, um, achieve, 65 00:03:25.465 --> 00:03:28.565 uh, financial and, um, commercial operation. 66 00:03:29.465 --> 00:03:33.925 Um, before joining the agency, he let donor funded energy, 67 00:03:34.345 --> 00:03:38.365 um, access programs in Africa, in South Asia for five years. 68 00:03:39.265 --> 00:03:43.605 And before then, he was a strategy consultant, uh, advising 69 00:03:44.125 --> 00:03:46.605 companies and governments on clean energy markets 70 00:03:46.945 --> 00:03:47.965 and technologies. 71 00:03:48.985 --> 00:03:53.165 Um, his professional experience also includes establishing a 72 00:03:53.165 --> 00:03:56.085 renewable energy consulting business in India 73 00:03:56.785 --> 00:03:58.805 and helping, uh, many wind 74 00:03:58.865 --> 00:04:03.245 and solar project developers, uh, define pre-construction, 75 00:04:03.425 --> 00:04:06.325 energy generation potential of their projects. 76 00:04:06.825 --> 00:04:09.005 He has an MS degree from the University 77 00:04:09.005 --> 00:04:10.885 of Maryland in College Park. 78 00:04:11.705 --> 00:04:16.045 Um, so, um, let's welcome our keynote speaker, Mr. 79 00:04:16.425 --> 00:04:19.645 Reposo, and, um, welcome Mr. Reposo. 80 00:04:27.575 --> 00:04:29.485 Great. Well, uh, well, thanks again for the, uh, 81 00:04:29.485 --> 00:04:32.525 for the introduction and thanks all to the cyber team. 82 00:04:32.825 --> 00:04:34.685 Um, it's a, it's a privilege to be here. 83 00:04:34.825 --> 00:04:37.245 And once again, uh, LDA Fitz, my, 84 00:04:37.265 --> 00:04:38.805 my colleague sends her regrets. 85 00:04:39.145 --> 00:04:41.525 Um, she's presently about, about halfway to Nigeria 86 00:04:41.615 --> 00:04:44.725 where she will be, uh, attending a conference with the, uh, 87 00:04:44.725 --> 00:04:47.685 Africa Finance Corporation for the next several days. 88 00:04:48.705 --> 00:04:53.045 Um, my my objective with, with this talk, um, is 89 00:04:53.105 --> 00:04:56.245 to hopefully set the stage for the conversation 90 00:04:56.265 --> 00:04:58.525 to come over the course of the day, um, 91 00:04:58.585 --> 00:05:00.925 and discuss the, the challenges and, 92 00:05:00.925 --> 00:05:03.285 and opportunities associated with, uh, 93 00:05:03.285 --> 00:05:05.125 doing business in and, and with Africa. 94 00:05:05.625 --> 00:05:08.285 Um, I would like to describe for you a little bit about 95 00:05:08.435 --> 00:05:13.405 what the US government, uh, is doing in, in this domain, uh, 96 00:05:13.465 --> 00:05:16.125 to try to, um, improve the situation. 97 00:05:16.705 --> 00:05:18.365 And then I would like to describe for you what, 98 00:05:18.365 --> 00:05:21.925 what my very small agency is doing in our, um, in our, 99 00:05:21.945 --> 00:05:23.085 uh, circumscribed role. 100 00:05:23.425 --> 00:05:27.245 Uh, I would like to describe for you what the, uh, US Trade 101 00:05:27.285 --> 00:05:29.765 and Development Agency is doing to help, uh, 102 00:05:29.865 --> 00:05:32.885 US businesses access, um, opportunities in, 103 00:05:32.905 --> 00:05:33.965 in Sub-Saharan Africa. 104 00:05:37.985 --> 00:05:40.645 So I have a feeling we're going to be having a number 105 00:05:40.645 --> 00:05:43.645 of different versions of, of this conversation today, um, 106 00:05:43.645 --> 00:05:45.245 discussing the, the challenges and, 107 00:05:45.485 --> 00:05:47.965 and the opportunities, um, associated with, 108 00:05:47.965 --> 00:05:49.285 with doing business in Africa. 109 00:05:50.825 --> 00:05:55.365 Um, uh, Vicki et al have asked me to focus in on power 110 00:05:56.385 --> 00:05:57.445 and for very good reason. 111 00:05:57.585 --> 00:06:01.085 Um, uh, U-S-T-D-A, the, the broader US government, um, 112 00:06:01.105 --> 00:06:02.125 and the business community. 113 00:06:02.125 --> 00:06:05.485 We, we all perceive this to be a real constraint 114 00:06:05.505 --> 00:06:06.645 to economic growth. 115 00:06:07.105 --> 00:06:10.885 And, and there are, uh, many ways in in which, um, uh, 116 00:06:10.985 --> 00:06:14.325 access to electricity, um, and lack of IT constraints. 117 00:06:14.705 --> 00:06:18.605 Um, economic growth, 600 million Africans, 118 00:06:18.865 --> 00:06:22.125 as is well known, uh, living without access to electricity. 119 00:06:22.625 --> 00:06:27.165 Um, those with access to electricity often don't have, uh, 120 00:06:27.465 --> 00:06:29.125 uh, reliable access. 121 00:06:29.625 --> 00:06:32.565 If that feeder line is leading to your house, often 122 00:06:33.145 --> 00:06:37.045 it goes dark for, um, however many hours or days at a time. 123 00:06:38.585 --> 00:06:42.165 And this is not only an inconvenience, 124 00:06:42.165 --> 00:06:44.805 but a, a serious constraint to economic growth. 125 00:06:45.905 --> 00:06:48.045 On the other side of that coin, uh, each 126 00:06:48.505 --> 00:06:52.485 of those 600 million that lack access represents a kind 127 00:06:52.645 --> 00:06:53.645 of a business opportunity. 128 00:06:54.625 --> 00:06:57.645 Um, if you are able to access that opportunity, 129 00:06:57.945 --> 00:06:59.605 the risk is tremendous. 130 00:06:59.905 --> 00:07:02.765 Um, but the rewards, uh, 131 00:07:02.785 --> 00:07:04.925 in turn are also quite substantial. 132 00:07:05.145 --> 00:07:09.445 Um, if you are able to be successful, uh, we feel, uh, quite 133 00:07:10.005 --> 00:07:13.565 strongly that US businesses are in a unique position 134 00:07:13.985 --> 00:07:17.565 to help, uh, unravel some of these challenges, um, 135 00:07:18.065 --> 00:07:21.085 and, uh, do so in a way that's profitable. 136 00:07:21.385 --> 00:07:25.925 Um, And 137 00:07:26.355 --> 00:07:30.165 that position is, is widely held across the US government, 138 00:07:30.175 --> 00:07:34.165 which is, uh, foremost among the reasons why in 2013, uh, 139 00:07:34.165 --> 00:07:35.885 the previous administration launched 140 00:07:36.065 --> 00:07:37.285 the Power Africa program. 141 00:07:38.705 --> 00:07:40.165 Uh, if you are not familiar with, 142 00:07:40.165 --> 00:07:43.005 with the Power Africa program, uh, a brief overview and, 143 00:07:43.005 --> 00:07:44.845 and I'll be happy to address any questions 144 00:07:44.845 --> 00:07:45.885 that you might have about it. 145 00:07:46.505 --> 00:07:50.645 Um, this is an inter-agency effort, um, that is, uh, 146 00:07:51.625 --> 00:07:53.365 US government sponsored, um, 147 00:07:53.505 --> 00:07:57.165 but convenes a number of other, uh, bilateral donors, 148 00:07:57.565 --> 00:07:59.965 a number of other multilateral development banks. 149 00:08:00.585 --> 00:08:01.765 Uh, and, uh, 150 00:08:01.765 --> 00:08:05.405 we are all motivated towards the shared objectives of, um, 151 00:08:05.405 --> 00:08:10.085 helping, uh, 30, uh, excuse me, helping 60 million, 152 00:08:10.225 --> 00:08:14.965 uh, Africans, uh, access, um, energy, um, building out, uh, 153 00:08:15.185 --> 00:08:18.845 the capacity of Africa to generate energy by, uh, 154 00:08:18.845 --> 00:08:21.085 30,000 megawatts all by 2030. 155 00:08:22.515 --> 00:08:24.045 This is quite an ambitious undertaking. 156 00:08:24.425 --> 00:08:28.125 Um, and although government is playing a leadership role, 157 00:08:28.545 --> 00:08:31.205 uh, the private sector is really out front, uh, 158 00:08:31.305 --> 00:08:34.245 the objective of Power Africa is to, uh, 159 00:08:34.315 --> 00:08:36.245 provide catalytic funding 160 00:08:36.385 --> 00:08:38.565 to provide catalytic capacity building 161 00:08:38.875 --> 00:08:40.605 that will crowd in private sector money 162 00:08:40.625 --> 00:08:43.125 and private sector capacity in order 163 00:08:43.125 --> 00:08:44.485 to achieve these objectives. 164 00:08:44.705 --> 00:08:46.765 Uh, this isn't about the US government trying 165 00:08:46.765 --> 00:08:48.005 to prescribe solutions 166 00:08:48.505 --> 00:08:52.725 and pay for them rather, um, to crowd in the private sector 167 00:08:52.825 --> 00:08:54.445 to help, uh, do some of that work. 168 00:08:54.665 --> 00:08:58.165 Um, uh, for the benefit of the private sector in in Africa, 169 00:08:59.785 --> 00:09:02.285 uh, many US government agencies are 170 00:09:02.285 --> 00:09:03.525 supporting this initiative. 171 00:09:04.065 --> 00:09:08.845 Um, the, uh, export, uh, credit, uh, uh, 172 00:09:09.105 --> 00:09:13.005 uh, bank, uh, the, the, uh, US EXIM bank, uh, for example, 173 00:09:13.425 --> 00:09:16.445 uh, can provide very low interest, uh, loans 174 00:09:16.825 --> 00:09:20.285 to organizations that want to import US goods to Africa. 175 00:09:20.945 --> 00:09:23.045 The overseas private investment corporation 176 00:09:23.065 --> 00:09:26.725 or opec, uh, can provide, uh, very low interest, uh, 177 00:09:26.725 --> 00:09:31.325 concessional debt to, um, uh, US investors that want 178 00:09:31.325 --> 00:09:32.445 to do business in Africa. 179 00:09:32.865 --> 00:09:34.125 Um, U-S-A-I-D 180 00:09:34.125 --> 00:09:36.005 and the Millennium Challenge Corporation are, 181 00:09:36.005 --> 00:09:39.685 are building the capacity of African institutions to, um, 182 00:09:40.235 --> 00:09:43.605 incorporate more power, uh, into their power systems 183 00:09:44.185 --> 00:09:48.005 and to, uh, expand access, especially in, in rural areas. 184 00:09:48.825 --> 00:09:53.645 Um, our agency has a, a a a, 185 00:09:54.045 --> 00:09:55.445 a narrow role, but it's, 186 00:09:55.445 --> 00:09:58.485 but it's, I believe, quite important in the landscape of, 187 00:09:58.485 --> 00:10:00.325 of power project promotion, of, 188 00:10:00.385 --> 00:10:02.885 of infrastructure project promotion very broadly. 189 00:10:03.345 --> 00:10:05.525 Um, but in the context of today's discussion of, 190 00:10:05.585 --> 00:10:07.525 of power project promotion. 191 00:10:07.945 --> 00:10:10.525 Um, so I would like to discuss, uh, the role 192 00:10:10.525 --> 00:10:13.405 of U-S-T-D-A in all of this, uh, first at a, 193 00:10:13.405 --> 00:10:15.325 at a global level, uh, 194 00:10:15.385 --> 00:10:17.285 but then let's, let's drill down a bit and, 195 00:10:17.285 --> 00:10:20.645 and discuss, uh, what's going on in Africa, just our, 196 00:10:20.645 --> 00:10:22.245 our Africa portfolio more broadly. 197 00:10:23.665 --> 00:10:27.965 Um, the, the mission of U-S-T-D-A of the US Trade 198 00:10:27.965 --> 00:10:32.045 and Development, uh, agency, uh, is, is simply to promote, 199 00:10:32.185 --> 00:10:35.285 uh, US manufacturing, um, 200 00:10:35.345 --> 00:10:38.805 and we do that by extending, uh, grant capital 201 00:10:39.425 --> 00:10:41.885 to infrastructure ventures in emerging 202 00:10:41.885 --> 00:10:43.245 markets all over the world. 203 00:10:44.145 --> 00:10:48.165 Um, we're a small organization only about, uh, 45, uh, 204 00:10:48.165 --> 00:10:50.885 full-time employees on, uh, two floors 205 00:10:50.885 --> 00:10:53.085 of an office building in suburban Washington, dc. 206 00:10:53.825 --> 00:10:55.365 Uh, but we have, um, 207 00:10:55.995 --> 00:11:00.205 supported over 500 infrastructure projects in Africa alone 208 00:11:00.215 --> 00:11:01.365 since our founding, 209 00:11:04.385 --> 00:11:07.775 our, excuse me. 210 00:11:09.555 --> 00:11:13.415 We, uh, support activities that will help, uh, 211 00:11:13.695 --> 00:11:16.735 shepherd infrastructure projects along from the conception 212 00:11:16.735 --> 00:11:21.335 stage to a stage where they will be able to seek, uh, public 213 00:11:21.355 --> 00:11:23.215 and private sector sources of funding, 214 00:11:23.475 --> 00:11:25.335 so from a conception stage to a place 215 00:11:25.785 --> 00:11:26.815 where they're bankable. 216 00:11:27.195 --> 00:11:30.495 Um, and along that development journey, 217 00:11:30.955 --> 00:11:34.295 we are exposing infrastructure project promoters to, uh, 218 00:11:34.295 --> 00:11:37.295 what we consider to be the virtue of, of US enterprise, 219 00:11:37.675 --> 00:11:40.695 of us, uh, uh, manufacturing, so 220 00:11:40.695 --> 00:11:44.695 that when the project is finally built, the, uh, the, 221 00:11:44.755 --> 00:11:48.135 the fraction of US export content will be very high. 222 00:11:49.875 --> 00:11:54.805 Um, often our grant funded enterprises will include, uh, 223 00:11:55.135 --> 00:11:59.165 scope elements such as, uh, the, um, engineering, uh, 224 00:11:59.165 --> 00:12:01.965 technical analysis required to define the, the, 225 00:12:01.965 --> 00:12:03.365 the very technical parameters 226 00:12:03.585 --> 00:12:05.205 of the infrastructure that's proposed. 227 00:12:05.705 --> 00:12:09.125 Uh, we will help with the creation of environmental analysis 228 00:12:09.125 --> 00:12:10.885 to identify environmental risk 229 00:12:11.105 --> 00:12:13.165 and mitigate it wherever that's necessary. 230 00:12:14.465 --> 00:12:17.325 Uh, we will work with, uh, whatever policy 231 00:12:17.425 --> 00:12:20.925 and regulatory regime in the country context to help ensure 232 00:12:20.925 --> 00:12:22.045 that all of the licensing 233 00:12:22.045 --> 00:12:25.965 and documentation is in place at the end of our, uh, terms 234 00:12:25.985 --> 00:12:27.605 of, of, uh, reference. 235 00:12:28.185 --> 00:12:32.805 So that, uh, once complete that project is, um, tied up 236 00:12:32.805 --> 00:12:35.005 with a bow and ready to seek financing. 237 00:12:39.545 --> 00:12:42.685 Um, we've been at this for a number of decades, uh, 238 00:12:42.685 --> 00:12:44.005 since the early eighties, and, 239 00:12:44.005 --> 00:12:45.605 and we feel that we're quite good at it. 240 00:12:46.105 --> 00:12:49.085 Um, just last year, so, uh, in, 241 00:12:49.145 --> 00:12:53.605 in the FY 16, we identified, uh, 242 00:12:53.695 --> 00:12:57.645 about three, uh, billion dollars in exports 243 00:12:57.645 --> 00:13:02.405 that were attributable in that year to our activities. 244 00:13:03.265 --> 00:13:06.925 Now, we have a staff that is of, uh, about three people 245 00:13:07.105 --> 00:13:09.805 who are devoted to monitoring this kind of thing full time. 246 00:13:10.385 --> 00:13:12.565 Uh, we have accountants that are, uh, 247 00:13:12.565 --> 00:13:15.045 essentially looking over their shoulders, making sure 248 00:13:15.915 --> 00:13:18.645 that the data are, are substantial 249 00:13:18.945 --> 00:13:20.765 and, uh, withstand scrutiny, uh, 250 00:13:20.765 --> 00:13:22.525 and we have additional accountants looking over the 251 00:13:22.525 --> 00:13:23.645 shoulders of those accounts. 252 00:13:23.645 --> 00:13:27.205 So we're quite certain of these numbers that there are, uh, 253 00:13:27.385 --> 00:13:29.205 uh, a, a great deal of exports 254 00:13:29.205 --> 00:13:31.405 that are directly attributable to the work that we do. 255 00:13:32.185 --> 00:13:34.925 We feel just as strongly that there are jobs, uh, 256 00:13:35.105 --> 00:13:37.885 US manufacturing jobs that are attributable 257 00:13:37.945 --> 00:13:40.045 to those exports, about 17, 258 00:13:40.405 --> 00:13:42.965 18,000 in the most recent financial year 259 00:13:44.095 --> 00:13:45.605 since TDA was founded. 260 00:13:46.225 --> 00:13:50.725 Uh, we feel that about $57 billion of, 261 00:13:50.825 --> 00:13:52.645 of attri, uh, excuse me, 262 00:13:52.645 --> 00:13:55.445 of attributable exports have been, uh, realized. 263 00:13:56.665 --> 00:13:59.765 Um, and the, the final number, I, 264 00:13:59.765 --> 00:14:01.645 I think is the most important, uh, uh, 265 00:14:02.085 --> 00:14:04.965 a nice succinct summary of kind of who we are 266 00:14:05.065 --> 00:14:07.085 and the, the type of impact that we have. 267 00:14:08.105 --> 00:14:12.005 Um, when, uh, uh, a a dollar of, 268 00:14:12.005 --> 00:14:16.845 of us taxpayer funding is, uh, is appropriated to U-S-T-D-A, 269 00:14:17.025 --> 00:14:21.565 uh, we can attribute $85 of us export content, um, 270 00:14:21.745 --> 00:14:24.445 as a result of the technical assistance that we're able 271 00:14:24.445 --> 00:14:26.365 to provide through our grant funding. 272 00:14:31.505 --> 00:14:33.165 So that's a look at, at who we are from 273 00:14:33.205 --> 00:14:34.365 a, a global perspective. 274 00:14:34.785 --> 00:14:38.565 Um, in Africa, uh, we are an implementing agency 275 00:14:38.705 --> 00:14:42.285 of this much broader interagency effort of, of power Africa, 276 00:14:43.505 --> 00:14:46.445 and we play a role really at the sort 277 00:14:46.445 --> 00:14:47.725 of the origination stage. 278 00:14:48.185 --> 00:14:51.285 Uh, power Africa recall is all about new capacity, 279 00:14:51.625 --> 00:14:55.045 new connections, um, in a, in a Power Africa context, 280 00:14:55.345 --> 00:14:58.605 we are responsible for identifying, uh, 281 00:14:58.905 --> 00:15:01.365 new power projects all the way. 282 00:15:01.365 --> 00:15:04.485 At the headwaters of the project development lifecycle. 283 00:15:04.825 --> 00:15:07.645 We are responsible for identifying the infrastructure 284 00:15:07.645 --> 00:15:09.765 project promoters who have the highest likelihood 285 00:15:09.765 --> 00:15:13.325 of achieving financial close, identifying a scope of work 286 00:15:13.555 --> 00:15:16.125 that will help them, um, get from 287 00:15:16.845 --> 00:15:19.525 wherever they are in their development life cycle to a stage 288 00:15:19.535 --> 00:15:21.645 where they are ready to be bankable. 289 00:15:22.785 --> 00:15:25.125 Uh, we have 57 projects today. 290 00:15:25.345 --> 00:15:27.325 Um, as of later this afternoon, 291 00:15:27.425 --> 00:15:30.765 we will have 58 if all goes well at our board meeting. 292 00:15:31.585 --> 00:15:35.765 And, uh, each of these projects, uh, is, uh, 293 00:15:36.475 --> 00:15:40.525 percolating towards financial close, uh, at one degree of, 294 00:15:40.785 --> 00:15:42.005 of maturity or another. 295 00:15:42.505 --> 00:15:45.605 Um, that final figure of $3 billion, um, 296 00:15:46.005 --> 00:15:48.205 a must apologize for that. 297 00:15:48.235 --> 00:15:51.325 This is an old slide that I pulled in from a previous deck. 298 00:15:51.705 --> 00:15:54.645 Um, the latest figure is more like 6.5. 299 00:15:55.025 --> 00:15:56.485 Um, just to be clear, that's, 300 00:15:56.485 --> 00:16:00.405 that's $6.5 billion in potential exports 301 00:16:00.515 --> 00:16:02.485 that we anticipate we can realize 302 00:16:02.595 --> 00:16:05.605 through our Power Africa portfolio alone, 303 00:16:06.335 --> 00:16:07.725 which I'm quite proud of. 304 00:16:08.785 --> 00:16:12.365 Um, but that's just on the US export content side, 305 00:16:12.365 --> 00:16:13.885 which is an important piece of the puzzle, 306 00:16:13.985 --> 00:16:15.645 and it's the one that I think principally 307 00:16:15.645 --> 00:16:16.885 we'll be talking about today. 308 00:16:18.025 --> 00:16:21.125 The impact side of the story, I think is, is, 309 00:16:21.345 --> 00:16:22.365 is just as important. 310 00:16:23.105 --> 00:16:25.725 Um, this is more than a gigawatt of 311 00:16:26.235 --> 00:16:28.485 potential new generation capacity. 312 00:16:28.485 --> 00:16:31.005 This gets us a long way down the field towards the 313 00:16:31.005 --> 00:16:32.645 objectives of, of power Africa, 314 00:16:33.265 --> 00:16:37.085 and along the way, 2 million Africans will be connected, um, 315 00:16:37.345 --> 00:16:39.445 to the grid, uh, or 316 00:16:39.445 --> 00:16:43.205 otherwise have access to commercial, uh, high quality energy 317 00:16:43.255 --> 00:16:44.405 where they didn't before. 318 00:16:45.705 --> 00:16:48.685 Um, and since anecdotes are, are kind of fun, um, I'll, 319 00:16:48.685 --> 00:16:51.605 I'll describe a little bit the picture on the right. 320 00:16:52.545 --> 00:16:55.605 Um, this is one of, sort of a representation of, of one 321 00:16:55.605 --> 00:16:58.525 of the grantees, so one of the 58 plus 322 00:16:58.585 --> 00:17:01.405 or minus, um, in our, in our portfolio presently. 323 00:17:01.665 --> 00:17:04.885 Um, the, the grantee for this project, not pictured, um, 324 00:17:04.985 --> 00:17:07.245 is a gentleman named, uh, Caleb King. 325 00:17:07.705 --> 00:17:11.285 Uh, he is a, a medical doctor who 326 00:17:11.825 --> 00:17:15.125 is also an electrical engineer, uh, trained at MIT. 327 00:17:15.505 --> 00:17:17.405 Um, he's also a, a Methodist missionary. 328 00:17:17.705 --> 00:17:20.805 And after the genocide in Rwanda 329 00:17:21.465 --> 00:17:25.605 in the middle nineties, uh, he was inspired to, uh, 330 00:17:25.635 --> 00:17:28.445 pack up his family and move to a remote corner 331 00:17:28.625 --> 00:17:31.885 of Northern Rwanda, uh, near the border with, with DRC. 332 00:17:32.835 --> 00:17:35.085 This is a, a conflict region that even 333 00:17:35.085 --> 00:17:39.845 before the genocide was racked by generations of conflict, 334 00:17:40.825 --> 00:17:44.165 and the infrastructure was in a very sorry state, 335 00:17:44.305 --> 00:17:47.645 as you can imagine, uh, being a medical doctor, he 336 00:17:48.195 --> 00:17:50.845 took over a hospital with his own equity. 337 00:17:50.985 --> 00:17:53.205 He rebuilt it essentially from the ground up. 338 00:17:53.745 --> 00:17:56.085 As the years went by, though, he noticed that 339 00:17:57.145 --> 00:18:00.165 not having access to a reliable energy source meant 340 00:18:00.165 --> 00:18:02.565 that he had to pull in diesel generators, um, 341 00:18:02.785 --> 00:18:05.685 and the expense was doing violence 342 00:18:05.825 --> 00:18:09.685 to his bottom line was making it really difficult for his, 343 00:18:10.025 --> 00:18:13.125 um, uh, his, his self-funded, um, 344 00:18:13.235 --> 00:18:15.325 medical enterprise to be sustainable. 345 00:18:16.465 --> 00:18:18.405 So he worked with U-S-T-D-A 346 00:18:18.865 --> 00:18:20.525 to essentially go into the power business. 347 00:18:20.865 --> 00:18:24.645 Um, that corner of, of rural Rwanda is surrounded 348 00:18:25.225 --> 00:18:29.885 on all sides by, uh, rivers, which throughout the year, 349 00:18:29.985 --> 00:18:32.445 so there's no seasonality really to these rivers. 350 00:18:32.955 --> 00:18:36.845 They have really great power generation profiles, 351 00:18:37.025 --> 00:18:39.605 really steep, um, uh, hills 352 00:18:39.985 --> 00:18:41.325 and, uh, steady flow 353 00:18:41.325 --> 00:18:43.525 that doesn't really attenuate in the dry season. 354 00:18:44.265 --> 00:18:47.845 Um, with us TDA a's support, he established the feasibility 355 00:18:48.825 --> 00:18:52.845 of a whole cascade of hydropower projects, uh, 356 00:18:52.845 --> 00:18:55.605 that are quite close, not only to his hospital, um, 357 00:18:55.605 --> 00:18:58.645 which has now been electrified through, um, the provision 358 00:18:58.645 --> 00:19:01.605 of power from the facility that you can see on the slide. 359 00:19:02.625 --> 00:19:05.525 Um, but also several villages 360 00:19:05.525 --> 00:19:07.805 around the hospital have been electrified as well. 361 00:19:08.025 --> 00:19:12.125 Uh, these are villages where if they'd had power at all, um, 362 00:19:12.665 --> 00:19:15.925 in the past, they'd had it from a diesel generator, uh, 363 00:19:15.925 --> 00:19:17.245 so it was only available to them 364 00:19:17.755 --> 00:19:19.925 when the diesel itself was available 365 00:19:19.945 --> 00:19:21.725 to whoever was selling them the power. 366 00:19:22.385 --> 00:19:23.645 Um, and if it was available, 367 00:19:23.825 --> 00:19:26.645 it was available at a very high cost. 368 00:19:27.225 --> 00:19:31.725 Um, the cost that, um, this hydropower represents is, 369 00:19:31.725 --> 00:19:34.125 is substantially lower than what, uh, 370 00:19:34.125 --> 00:19:35.885 these villagers were were paying before. 371 00:19:36.745 --> 00:19:40.365 Now, this is a, uh, uh, this is a very small scale version 372 00:19:40.485 --> 00:19:41.725 of the, of the work that we do. 373 00:19:41.865 --> 00:19:46.565 Um, the facility you see is about, uh, 500 kilowatts only, 374 00:19:46.705 --> 00:19:48.965 uh, which is not very large. 375 00:19:49.465 --> 00:19:53.285 Um, and the cascade, uh, that we hope to develop, uh, 376 00:19:53.335 --> 00:19:54.805 won't be too much larger than that. 377 00:19:55.705 --> 00:19:58.525 Uh, but I think it's an interesting window into the kind 378 00:19:58.765 --> 00:20:03.165 of work that we do, um, uh, the, the kind of, um, 379 00:20:03.165 --> 00:20:06.525 opportunities that our work presents to us businesses 380 00:20:07.065 --> 00:20:08.965 and, uh, how the, the work 381 00:20:09.035 --> 00:20:11.565 that we do can be scaled up across the continent. 382 00:20:14.185 --> 00:20:16.845 So in terms of scaling it up across the continent, let's, 383 00:20:16.845 --> 00:20:19.325 let's just take a look at, uh, from a broader perspective, 384 00:20:19.355 --> 00:20:20.685 what our portfolio looks like. 385 00:20:21.345 --> 00:20:24.965 Um, we're very active in the gas sector, in part 386 00:20:24.965 --> 00:20:28.605 because the US enjoys such a strong competitive position 387 00:20:28.605 --> 00:20:31.045 internationally in the gas sector, but in part 388 00:20:31.045 --> 00:20:34.205 because it's a really good fit for a lot of the challenges, 389 00:20:34.225 --> 00:20:36.085 not all of them, but for a lot of the challenges 390 00:20:36.085 --> 00:20:37.205 that that Africa is facing. 391 00:20:38.985 --> 00:20:42.765 Um, this slide doesn't really do justice to our portfolio. 392 00:20:43.025 --> 00:20:44.245 Uh, excuse me, our portfolio. 393 00:20:44.425 --> 00:20:47.045 Uh, there are a number of ventures, uh, in our portfolio 394 00:20:47.125 --> 00:20:48.205 that aren't represented here. 395 00:20:48.905 --> 00:20:52.925 Um, for example, we're working with the, uh, Dangote group, 396 00:20:53.145 --> 00:20:57.725 um, one of the most significant corporations in Africa on a, 397 00:20:57.825 --> 00:20:59.885 uh, pipeline, or excuse me, a, uh, refinery 398 00:20:59.945 --> 00:21:02.205 and pipeline project, uh, in Nigeria. 399 00:21:02.585 --> 00:21:04.085 Uh, we're also working on a, um, 400 00:21:05.105 --> 00:21:07.605 on a compressed natural gas, uh, terminal 401 00:21:08.105 --> 00:21:10.365 for a transportation project in Nigeria, 402 00:21:11.305 --> 00:21:12.605 and a few other odds and ends, 403 00:21:12.625 --> 00:21:15.605 but this is a useful kind of summary of, of the work 404 00:21:15.605 --> 00:21:16.885 that we're doing in natural gas. 405 00:21:17.825 --> 00:21:19.445 Um, my hope is 406 00:21:19.445 --> 00:21:23.525 that your takeaway from this slide is the $5 billion 407 00:21:24.185 --> 00:21:28.085 in potential export opportunities for US businesses, um, 408 00:21:28.505 --> 00:21:31.245 should all of these projects rectify 409 00:21:34.545 --> 00:21:37.405 In a lot of ways the, the solar opportunities 410 00:21:37.405 --> 00:21:39.325 that we're pursuing around the continent 411 00:21:39.705 --> 00:21:40.925 are just as compelling. 412 00:21:41.345 --> 00:21:46.285 Um, the export content possibilities for us businesses are, 413 00:21:46.545 --> 00:21:48.165 um, are certainly less so. 414 00:21:49.495 --> 00:21:51.995 Um, but the opportunity for, uh, 415 00:21:52.095 --> 00:21:54.875 impact in Africa is really profound. 416 00:21:55.255 --> 00:21:56.995 Um, solar facilities can be built quickly. 417 00:21:57.495 --> 00:22:00.595 Uh, the cost of power is extremely low, 418 00:22:01.495 --> 00:22:06.035 and, uh, Africa is among the, uh, in many corners of Africa, 419 00:22:06.035 --> 00:22:08.235 are among the sunniest places on the planet. 420 00:22:08.775 --> 00:22:10.395 Um, this is a very interesting resource 421 00:22:10.395 --> 00:22:13.075 to be harnessing in order to, uh, accomplish some of those 422 00:22:13.595 --> 00:22:16.995 previously stated objectives of, of providing power, um, 423 00:22:17.115 --> 00:22:18.395 facilitating access. 424 00:22:19.095 --> 00:22:22.555 Um, the reason I like our solar portfolio so much is 425 00:22:22.555 --> 00:22:25.035 because of, its, because of its breadth, uh, 426 00:22:25.035 --> 00:22:26.915 breadth from a capacity standpoint. 427 00:22:27.335 --> 00:22:30.675 On one end of the spectrum, we're sponsoring a 100 megawatt, 428 00:22:30.935 --> 00:22:34.075 uh, solar CSP, uh, uh, excuse me, uh, uh, 429 00:22:34.475 --> 00:22:37.995 concentrated solar power, uh, project in the Western Cape 430 00:22:38.015 --> 00:22:39.155 of, of South Africa. 431 00:22:40.815 --> 00:22:44.675 Um, this is a, uh, a quite a sophisticated technology. 432 00:22:44.975 --> 00:22:47.395 Um, there are precedents for it around the world, 433 00:22:47.455 --> 00:22:50.875 but very few, uh, when this thing is built, it will be a, a, 434 00:22:51.035 --> 00:22:55.155 a really fantastic machine, um, that will provide 435 00:22:55.695 --> 00:22:57.595 20 to 24 hours of power. 436 00:22:57.855 --> 00:22:59.835 Um, so that is to say, this is solar power 437 00:22:59.835 --> 00:23:02.355 that will continue delivering electricity into the grid 438 00:23:02.355 --> 00:23:05.715 after the sun goes down at the other end of that spectrum. 439 00:23:06.245 --> 00:23:09.195 We're also working with a, um, uh, 440 00:23:09.395 --> 00:23:13.875 a small business based in suburban Atlanta that offers a, 441 00:23:14.255 --> 00:23:17.155 uh, containerized solar mini grid solution. 442 00:23:17.615 --> 00:23:22.515 Uh, these are, uh, three to, to 500 kilowatt machines, 443 00:23:22.735 --> 00:23:24.675 uh, that is to say, very small machines 444 00:23:24.675 --> 00:23:27.755 that can be loaded into a shipping container delivered 445 00:23:27.755 --> 00:23:30.115 to a village where, uh, previously there was no access 446 00:23:30.115 --> 00:23:34.275 to power, and a mini grid can be essentially unfolded 447 00:23:34.505 --> 00:23:35.555 from the container. 448 00:23:36.295 --> 00:23:40.235 Uh, we see this as, uh, we see those two kinds of projects 449 00:23:40.235 --> 00:23:42.795 as solutions to very different kinds of problems, 450 00:23:43.255 --> 00:23:46.765 and we're proud to be playing a role in the delivery 451 00:23:46.785 --> 00:23:49.445 of those kinds of solutions all across the continent. 452 00:23:53.025 --> 00:23:56.305 I thought it would be valuable to, um, give you a tour of, 453 00:23:56.305 --> 00:23:58.825 of some of the specific, uh, US businesses 454 00:23:59.095 --> 00:24:01.505 that are benefiting from the kind of support that, 455 00:24:01.505 --> 00:24:02.505 that we provide. 456 00:24:03.885 --> 00:24:07.305 Um, starting up top is, uh, Ripley hydropower. 457 00:24:08.685 --> 00:24:11.625 Um, I visited the, uh, Ripley hydropower, uh, 458 00:24:11.625 --> 00:24:15.265 factory in Columbus, Ohio only, uh, a couple of, uh, 459 00:24:15.265 --> 00:24:16.905 months ago, um, 460 00:24:16.905 --> 00:24:19.345 and met with the team to discuss, uh, new project 461 00:24:19.345 --> 00:24:21.705 that they have in Tanzania. 462 00:24:22.965 --> 00:24:24.345 Uh, we have a number 463 00:24:24.345 --> 00:24:26.905 of grant funded activities ongoing in Tanzania 464 00:24:26.925 --> 00:24:29.385 and in particular in the hydro space. 465 00:24:30.045 --> 00:24:34.625 Um, on, in all of the activities that we fund, we, 466 00:24:35.205 --> 00:24:38.625 um, throughout the development life cycle will, uh, 467 00:24:38.735 --> 00:24:42.505 work hard to expose, uh, project developers in Africa 468 00:24:42.965 --> 00:24:47.105 to opportunities, um, to engage with US businesses. 469 00:24:47.685 --> 00:24:49.665 In the course of engaging with, uh, 470 00:24:49.965 --> 00:24:53.305 one project developer in Africa, uh, we brought them 471 00:24:53.645 --> 00:24:56.065 to Columbus, Ohio to tour, um, 472 00:24:56.065 --> 00:24:57.625 the Wrigley Hydropower facility, 473 00:24:57.685 --> 00:25:00.145 and a number of other facilities in the neighborhood, uh, 474 00:25:00.145 --> 00:25:03.665 such as a foundry in, uh, uh, Springfield, Ohio, 475 00:25:03.755 --> 00:25:07.065 which was responsible for creating the castings, uh, 476 00:25:07.135 --> 00:25:10.905 necessary to, uh, manufacture some of the larger turbines, 477 00:25:10.965 --> 00:25:13.745 uh, that are, that are exported, uh, by Rick Lee. 478 00:25:14.325 --> 00:25:16.065 Uh, they were quite impressed by what they saw, 479 00:25:17.645 --> 00:25:21.065 and they, uh, filled an order for about, uh, 480 00:25:21.185 --> 00:25:23.505 a megawatt worth of turbines, uh, 481 00:25:23.505 --> 00:25:25.065 which are presently being constructed. 482 00:25:25.685 --> 00:25:28.225 Um, this'll be anywhere from 500,000 483 00:25:28.225 --> 00:25:32.385 to about a million dollars worth of business, uh, not, uh, 484 00:25:32.915 --> 00:25:35.545 going to, um, you know, accomplish the objectives 485 00:25:35.545 --> 00:25:36.945 of Power Africa on its own, 486 00:25:37.005 --> 00:25:38.545 but I think it's an interesting anecdote. 487 00:25:39.165 --> 00:25:44.025 Um, Olivo is a Swiss, uh, battery manufacturer 488 00:25:44.375 --> 00:25:48.305 with a significant manufacturing presence in North Carolina, 489 00:25:49.345 --> 00:25:52.025 a recently open factory there, has big ambitions, uh, 490 00:25:52.045 --> 00:25:53.865 not only to work in the domestic marketplace, 491 00:25:53.885 --> 00:25:56.545 but also to export its product abroad. 492 00:25:57.045 --> 00:26:00.985 Uh, we're working with Olivo to, uh, tie in 493 00:26:01.295 --> 00:26:04.985 what we think will be something like a 25 megawatt hour, uh, 494 00:26:04.985 --> 00:26:09.865 battery bank to a solar facility, a 40 megawatt, uh, 495 00:26:10.065 --> 00:26:13.505 photovoltaic solar facility in Kenya that has, 496 00:26:14.725 --> 00:26:17.105 excuse me, that has, uh, reached financial close 497 00:26:17.165 --> 00:26:20.145 and is very likely to soon be interconnected to the grid. 498 00:26:21.125 --> 00:26:24.105 Uh, a 40 megawatt solar PV plant in Kenya 499 00:26:24.495 --> 00:26:27.545 with a 25 megawatt hour, uh, battery, uh, 500 00:26:27.545 --> 00:26:31.025 storage solution would be really novel across, uh, 501 00:26:31.085 --> 00:26:33.385 not just Kenya, but throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. 502 00:26:33.925 --> 00:26:36.185 Um, this is the kind of facility that has the potential 503 00:26:36.185 --> 00:26:39.185 to really demonstrate the utility of, uh, 504 00:26:39.185 --> 00:26:43.445 battery storage technology, the utility of solar, um, 505 00:26:43.905 --> 00:26:46.605 and the, the value proposition of, 506 00:26:46.625 --> 00:26:48.165 of us business in particular. 507 00:26:48.585 --> 00:26:51.085 Um, we see storage as a real frontier, 508 00:26:51.305 --> 00:26:54.165 and we're eager to make sure that that us, uh, 509 00:26:54.365 --> 00:26:57.325 manufactured content, um, has a role to play, 510 00:26:57.545 --> 00:26:58.685 uh, on that frontier. 511 00:26:59.225 --> 00:27:01.845 Um, and Ali o is a key partner of ours in that regard. 512 00:27:02.745 --> 00:27:04.645 So I've discussed Renua a little bit. 513 00:27:04.645 --> 00:27:08.045 They offer a containerized solar solution, um, 514 00:27:08.565 --> 00:27:11.565 standard microgrid, um, in Sacramento, 515 00:27:11.565 --> 00:27:14.045 California offers a similar solution. 516 00:27:14.265 --> 00:27:16.925 Um, it's quite a bit smaller than what Renua offers. 517 00:27:18.615 --> 00:27:22.125 While, uh, with Renua, we are sponsoring a pilot test 518 00:27:22.505 --> 00:27:25.565 of eight facilities throughout, uh, rural Kenya. 519 00:27:26.145 --> 00:27:29.125 Uh, with standard microgrid, we're sponsoring a pilot test 520 00:27:29.125 --> 00:27:32.965 of about 150 facilities throughout Zambia, um, 521 00:27:33.025 --> 00:27:35.765 in much more rural locations where, uh, 522 00:27:36.035 --> 00:27:38.605 smaller facilities are more appropriate. 523 00:27:39.145 --> 00:27:43.205 Um, these are communities that have never had access to, uh, 524 00:27:43.205 --> 00:27:44.885 commercial energy for the most part. 525 00:27:45.145 --> 00:27:47.365 Um, and there's very little demand, uh, 526 00:27:47.365 --> 00:27:49.805 so a smaller facility, uh, the kind of product 527 00:27:49.915 --> 00:27:53.045 that standard microgrid offers is much more appropriate in 528 00:27:53.045 --> 00:27:54.325 those kinds of contexts. 529 00:27:55.635 --> 00:27:57.285 Finally, Langston Energy. 530 00:27:57.865 --> 00:27:59.765 Uh, these guys are fascinating to me. 531 00:27:59.765 --> 00:28:03.845 What they offer is a system that, uh, 532 00:28:04.185 --> 00:28:07.885 can be incorporated into existing geothermal power 533 00:28:07.885 --> 00:28:09.085 generation technology. 534 00:28:09.825 --> 00:28:12.565 Uh, Langston Energy can capture heat that would 535 00:28:12.565 --> 00:28:14.325 otherwise be vented to the atmosphere 536 00:28:14.785 --> 00:28:17.285 and turn it into electricity. 537 00:28:17.985 --> 00:28:21.045 Um, the technology has been, uh, 538 00:28:21.365 --> 00:28:23.045 deployed in the United States. 539 00:28:23.345 --> 00:28:27.165 Uh, it's been deployed in other developed world contexts. 540 00:28:27.625 --> 00:28:29.885 All of those contexts, for the most part, are mature. 541 00:28:29.915 --> 00:28:33.085 There's, there's not very much greenfield geothermal 542 00:28:33.235 --> 00:28:36.405 development happening in the developed marketplaces 543 00:28:36.405 --> 00:28:37.685 of the world for Langs 544 00:28:37.685 --> 00:28:40.085 and energy for companies like Langs and Energy. 545 00:28:40.585 --> 00:28:42.085 Um, in the us, uh, 546 00:28:42.805 --> 00:28:45.005 emerging markets represent their growth opportunities. 547 00:28:45.505 --> 00:28:49.005 Um, they were excited to engage with the U-S-T-D-A, uh, 548 00:28:49.005 --> 00:28:50.045 because they don't, they didn't 549 00:28:50.045 --> 00:28:52.205 otherwise have an avenue into Africa. 550 00:28:52.435 --> 00:28:55.845 Through our grant funding, uh, they are able to pilot, 551 00:28:55.875 --> 00:28:58.885 test their technology in the African context, uh, 552 00:28:59.385 --> 00:29:02.805 in this case in a, in a Kenyan context, in the Aria field, 553 00:29:03.975 --> 00:29:05.885 learn from it, um, understand how 554 00:29:05.885 --> 00:29:09.325 to modify their business model in order to accommodate, um, 555 00:29:09.585 --> 00:29:12.005 the, uh, the, the country context 556 00:29:12.825 --> 00:29:15.885 and hopefully grow, hopefully expand into, uh, 557 00:29:15.885 --> 00:29:17.365 other adjoining marketplaces. 558 00:29:21.585 --> 00:29:24.805 So, I've talked a lot about our, our global portfolio. 559 00:29:24.875 --> 00:29:26.365 I've talked about our Africa portfolio. 560 00:29:26.785 --> 00:29:29.565 Um, I don't wanna lose sight of the fact that we work 561 00:29:29.805 --> 00:29:31.405 with businesses in 50 states 562 00:29:31.625 --> 00:29:34.085 and Indiana, um, is certainly among them. 563 00:29:35.145 --> 00:29:38.845 Uh, we, uh, over our, uh, 564 00:29:38.915 --> 00:29:40.685 institutional life, um, 565 00:29:40.835 --> 00:29:44.365 have attributed about 60 million plus 566 00:29:44.385 --> 00:29:48.085 or minus, um, to Indiana, uh, businesses. 567 00:29:48.265 --> 00:29:51.365 Uh, that is to say, uh, we have, um, uh, 568 00:29:51.695 --> 00:29:54.965 attributed about $60 million in, in exports, um, 569 00:29:54.965 --> 00:29:58.325 from Indiana businesses, um, around the world 570 00:29:58.345 --> 00:29:59.845 to emerging markets around the world 571 00:30:00.715 --> 00:30:02.285 that are at attributable to the work 572 00:30:02.285 --> 00:30:03.485 that U-S-T-D-A has done. 573 00:30:04.265 --> 00:30:06.885 Um, so we're, we're very proud of that legacy. 574 00:30:07.145 --> 00:30:11.245 Uh, we're proud of, um, those activities and, 575 00:30:11.245 --> 00:30:14.245 and we hope to find, uh, new ways to engage with businesses, 576 00:30:14.505 --> 00:30:18.125 um, throughout the us, um, and of course in Indiana as well. 577 00:30:19.505 --> 00:30:24.085 Um, so this brings me to the end of my, uh, 578 00:30:24.305 --> 00:30:25.445 my presentation here. 579 00:30:25.665 --> 00:30:28.445 Um, since this is such a small crowd, I was hoping that, um, 580 00:30:28.585 --> 00:30:30.845 we could engage in, in something like a conversation. 581 00:30:31.345 --> 00:30:33.125 So I would welcome any questions that you have, 582 00:30:33.125 --> 00:30:37.725 either about U-S-T-D-A, the role that we play, um, in Africa 583 00:30:37.945 --> 00:30:39.885 or in other emerging marketplaces. 584 00:30:41.065 --> 00:30:42.085 Um, sir, 585 00:30:43.065 --> 00:30:46.445 My question would be how does an Indiana company interact 586 00:30:46.445 --> 00:30:47.605 with U-S-T-E-A? 587 00:30:47.725 --> 00:30:49.165 I think that's the essential question 588 00:30:49.165 --> 00:30:52.205 that most people would say, okay, the sounds interesting. 589 00:30:52.475 --> 00:30:54.925 Yeah. You know, how do I take advantage of it 590 00:30:55.145 --> 00:30:57.485 as a small company if I'm not the size 591 00:30:57.485 --> 00:30:58.805 of companies, for example, here 592 00:30:58.805 --> 00:30:59.805 Locally? Sure. What 593 00:30:59.805 --> 00:31:00.845 do I do? Sure. 594 00:31:00.945 --> 00:31:04.845 So, uh, There are a lot 595 00:31:04.845 --> 00:31:07.005 of large companies on this list, no doubt, um, 596 00:31:07.005 --> 00:31:08.205 but some small ones as well. 597 00:31:08.665 --> 00:31:11.285 Um, the small companies that we've engaged with, um, 598 00:31:11.585 --> 00:31:14.365 in Indiana around the world, uh, for the, 599 00:31:14.365 --> 00:31:16.645 or excuse me, around the United States, uh, 600 00:31:16.665 --> 00:31:19.165 for the most part, they have participated in our, uh, 601 00:31:19.165 --> 00:31:20.445 reverse trade missions. 602 00:31:20.905 --> 00:31:23.605 And this is not something that I went into too much detail, 603 00:31:23.825 --> 00:31:25.605 um, about course of my talk. 604 00:31:26.305 --> 00:31:28.085 Um, but they're a key part of what we do. 605 00:31:28.505 --> 00:31:31.965 Um, uh, the Department of Commerce sponsors, uh, 606 00:31:32.135 --> 00:31:35.005 trade missions from time to time where, uh, 607 00:31:35.325 --> 00:31:37.285 delegates will go to marketplaces abroad 608 00:31:37.305 --> 00:31:39.325 to learn more about what's going on in, 609 00:31:39.325 --> 00:31:40.365 in those marketplaces. 610 00:31:40.675 --> 00:31:42.765 What TDA does is, is really very different. 611 00:31:43.065 --> 00:31:47.485 Uh, we will take, uh, delegates from, let's say, procurement 612 00:31:48.005 --> 00:31:50.805 agencies in emerging market governments. 613 00:31:51.265 --> 00:31:54.325 Uh, we will take business leaders from, uh, target 614 00:31:54.845 --> 00:31:56.165 emerging markets themselves 615 00:31:56.945 --> 00:31:58.565 and, uh, give them a tour 616 00:31:59.145 --> 00:32:01.645 of the value proposition of US business. 617 00:32:01.705 --> 00:32:04.765 We will take them to Columbus, Ohio, for example, to visit 618 00:32:04.765 --> 00:32:06.125 with Wrigley hydropower. 619 00:32:06.465 --> 00:32:10.805 Uh, we'll take them to Carson City, Nevada to visit with, 620 00:32:11.185 --> 00:32:12.645 uh, Langston Energy. 621 00:32:13.625 --> 00:32:14.725 We do that regularly. 622 00:32:14.785 --> 00:32:17.165 That's a key component of the work that we do. 623 00:32:17.665 --> 00:32:21.125 Um, and it's a, it's a great way for small businesses 624 00:32:21.545 --> 00:32:24.045 to get engaged with emerging marketplaces without 625 00:32:24.045 --> 00:32:25.085 ever leaving the zip code. 626 00:32:25.545 --> 00:32:29.005 Uh, we, we advertise our reverse trade mission 627 00:32:29.005 --> 00:32:30.525 activities months in advance. 628 00:32:31.145 --> 00:32:35.685 Um, the best way to keep up with that is, um, uh, 629 00:32:36.435 --> 00:32:37.845 certainly on our website. 630 00:32:38.145 --> 00:32:42.885 Um, my, uh, contact information is, is on this slide. 631 00:32:43.065 --> 00:32:46.845 Um, I can refer you, uh, directly to the spot on our website 632 00:32:46.845 --> 00:32:49.085 where we tend to park this information. 633 00:32:49.505 --> 00:32:52.565 Um, in addition to that, if there is a, uh, 634 00:32:52.565 --> 00:32:54.765 Indiana business, if there is a domestic business anywhere 635 00:32:54.765 --> 00:32:58.765 in the US that is, um, working with, 636 00:32:59.215 --> 00:33:01.245 let's say an African enterprise on 637 00:33:02.145 --> 00:33:05.805 an infrastructure venture, uh, we can, uh, 638 00:33:05.835 --> 00:33:09.045 examine a proposal for grant funding, um, 639 00:33:09.425 --> 00:33:10.485 on an ongoing basis. 640 00:33:10.705 --> 00:33:13.285 We don't publish periodic calls for proposals. 641 00:33:14.025 --> 00:33:15.885 Um, we are always receptive 642 00:33:15.965 --> 00:33:18.365 to proposals from qualifying entities. 643 00:33:19.045 --> 00:33:21.285 A brief note about what might qualify as a, 644 00:33:21.305 --> 00:33:25.685 as a perspective offer from US TDAs perspective, um, we have 645 00:33:25.685 --> 00:33:29.085 to engage with a, uh, 646 00:33:29.225 --> 00:33:32.845 an entity in an emerging market that has to be our grantee, 647 00:33:34.385 --> 00:33:37.925 but no U-S-T-D-A funds ever go directly to that grantee. 648 00:33:38.465 --> 00:33:41.085 We help that grantee enter into a contract 649 00:33:41.115 --> 00:33:45.045 with a US business who will provide, uh, scope of services 650 00:33:45.385 --> 00:33:48.645 to that grantee, and all of the US TD funds go 651 00:33:48.645 --> 00:33:50.605 to pay the invoices of that contractor. 652 00:33:51.545 --> 00:33:54.205 If there are Indiana service providers, 653 00:33:54.205 --> 00:33:57.605 let's say an engineering firm, uh, eager to work with, 654 00:33:58.215 --> 00:34:01.605 let's say, a special purpose vehicle developing a 655 00:34:01.755 --> 00:34:05.325 ring-fenced, a hundred megawatt gas fired power project in 656 00:34:05.325 --> 00:34:09.085 Nigeria, um, we could review a proposal, uh, from 657 00:34:09.715 --> 00:34:10.765 that entity. 658 00:34:10.765 --> 00:34:14.085 So from that Indiana contractor from that gas fired 659 00:34:14.615 --> 00:34:17.725 power project promoter, um, for grant funding. 660 00:34:18.985 --> 00:34:22.125 Um, our grant packages typically are on the order 661 00:34:22.145 --> 00:34:25.445 of about a half million to, uh, $1.5 million. 662 00:34:25.985 --> 00:34:27.685 Uh, the larger the grants themselves, 663 00:34:27.905 --> 00:34:29.365 the more scrutiny they would tend 664 00:34:29.365 --> 00:34:31.085 to draw from our executive board. 665 00:34:31.385 --> 00:34:33.605 Uh, but there is plenty of precedent for us, uh, 666 00:34:33.605 --> 00:34:36.365 extending grants on the order of about a million dollars 667 00:34:36.585 --> 00:34:39.485 for, uh, power project promotion, uh, 668 00:34:39.485 --> 00:34:41.085 for infrastructure project promotion. 669 00:34:41.385 --> 00:34:44.325 Um, uh, more broadly, sir. Yes. 670 00:34:44.985 --> 00:34:47.485 I'm just curious about, 671 00:34:55.545 --> 00:34:58.325 So the, the question was concerning the, the mini grid. 672 00:34:59.235 --> 00:35:03.285 Okay. Um, well, the, um, the, the objectives of, 673 00:35:03.285 --> 00:35:07.325 of the Power Africa, uh, initiative very broadly are to, um, 674 00:35:07.325 --> 00:35:08.885 help establish new capacity. 675 00:35:08.945 --> 00:35:13.445 So new, new megawatts at centralized generating station, uh, 676 00:35:13.445 --> 00:35:14.845 generating stations, uh, 677 00:35:14.865 --> 00:35:19.725 but also to expand access to, um, customers 678 00:35:19.725 --> 00:35:22.805 that presently aren't connected to any central grid. 679 00:35:24.185 --> 00:35:27.845 Uh, U-S-T-D-A accomplishes that second objective in part 680 00:35:28.305 --> 00:35:30.645 by sponsoring, uh, mini grid activities. 681 00:35:31.225 --> 00:35:34.725 Um, now mini grids in, in this context are, are defined as, 682 00:35:35.345 --> 00:35:40.285 um, enterprises where, uh, uh, a generating station, uh, 683 00:35:40.345 --> 00:35:43.045 so an electrical generating station isn't interconnected 684 00:35:43.045 --> 00:35:44.685 with any sort of central grid. 685 00:35:44.715 --> 00:35:46.685 It's just a standalone generating 686 00:35:46.685 --> 00:35:48.845 and power dis distribution enterprise. 687 00:35:49.625 --> 00:35:52.565 Um, there are several models that, that we are exploring 688 00:35:52.565 --> 00:35:54.005 through feasibility studies 689 00:35:54.385 --> 00:35:57.005 and through pilot tests, uh, throughout our portfolio. 690 00:35:57.545 --> 00:36:00.285 And the two that I mentioned, um, which I think are, are 691 00:36:00.285 --> 00:36:04.645 among the most compelling, are the standard microgrid model, 692 00:36:04.985 --> 00:36:08.045 um, that we're pilot testing in Zambia. 693 00:36:08.585 --> 00:36:10.805 Um, and the Renua model, uh, 694 00:36:10.805 --> 00:36:12.365 that we're pilot testing in Kenya, 695 00:36:13.265 --> 00:36:16.565 the standard microgrid delivers, um, a very small, uh, 696 00:36:16.765 --> 00:36:19.005 kilowatt scale, uh, solution 697 00:36:19.315 --> 00:36:22.445 that rolls into the village on a trailer, um, 698 00:36:22.625 --> 00:36:25.445 in an intermodal, uh, shipping container, um, 699 00:36:25.505 --> 00:36:30.045 and can be deployed, uh, once again at a kilowatt scale, um, 700 00:36:30.065 --> 00:36:34.685 to several hundred, uh, uh, villagers, 701 00:36:34.865 --> 00:36:37.045 uh, can establish several hundred new connections. 702 00:36:37.505 --> 00:36:39.965 The Renua model is only a little bit different. 703 00:36:40.105 --> 00:36:43.125 Um, it is also containerized, it is also, uh, 704 00:36:43.125 --> 00:36:45.565 solar generating technology, um, 705 00:36:45.665 --> 00:36:47.805 but it can deliver power, uh, 706 00:36:47.945 --> 00:36:50.165 to perhaps a thousand, uh, people. 707 00:36:51.225 --> 00:36:55.365 Um, we feel like there is probably a role in the marketplace 708 00:36:55.705 --> 00:36:58.885 for, uh, certainly these two types of solutions, 709 00:36:59.105 --> 00:37:00.605 and probably many others as well. 710 00:37:01.065 --> 00:37:03.965 Um, so we feel it's a small part of our mandate 711 00:37:04.545 --> 00:37:07.485 to provide a venue, um, just to get those marketplaces out, 712 00:37:07.485 --> 00:37:10.085 excuse me, get those technologies out into the marketplace 713 00:37:10.385 --> 00:37:11.805 to see what works and what doesn't, 714 00:37:11.805 --> 00:37:16.765 and to help us businesses sort of, um, uh, understand, uh, 715 00:37:16.765 --> 00:37:18.965 the utility of, of what they're doing, uh, 716 00:37:19.265 --> 00:37:20.925 modify course correct 717 00:37:21.145 --> 00:37:22.685 and hopefully deploy at a larger scale. 718 00:37:28.585 --> 00:37:32.485 Any other questions? Uh, man. Yeah. 719 00:37:32.585 --> 00:37:35.165 One question. Now, you talked about the us 720 00:37:35.265 --> 00:37:38.245 but what about other countries, for example, China? 721 00:37:41.425 --> 00:37:42.845 How does the us uh, 722 00:37:48.955 --> 00:37:49.955 Sure. So that's, 723 00:37:49.955 --> 00:37:52.085 that's, and it's an excellent point. 724 00:37:52.265 --> 00:37:55.885 Uh, China is a, is a very strong, uh, competitor, uh, 725 00:37:55.885 --> 00:37:57.205 across Sub-Saharan Africa. 726 00:37:58.135 --> 00:38:02.245 Often when there are competitive tenders released by, uh, 727 00:38:02.245 --> 00:38:05.805 governments, um, the Chinese can be quite competitive. 728 00:38:05.805 --> 00:38:08.125 They typically come in with a much lower cost. 729 00:38:08.625 --> 00:38:13.405 Um, the, the Chinese have the benefits of, of, um, 730 00:38:14.415 --> 00:38:18.525 being, uh, state enterprises often, um, enjoying economies 731 00:38:18.525 --> 00:38:20.285 of scale that the US private sector 732 00:38:20.285 --> 00:38:21.365 doesn't necessarily enjoy. 733 00:38:22.065 --> 00:38:25.405 Uh, we feel, and, and we feel this quite strongly, that 734 00:38:26.665 --> 00:38:28.805 US businesses can articulate a certain kind 735 00:38:28.805 --> 00:38:32.485 of a value proposition that Chinese businesses struggle 736 00:38:32.505 --> 00:38:36.605 to articulate, um, that, uh, US businesses, um, 737 00:38:36.995 --> 00:38:39.365 have a lower lifecycle cost. 738 00:38:39.825 --> 00:38:42.085 Um, even if Chinese, um, 739 00:38:43.125 --> 00:38:47.445 products may have a lower upfront cost, A big push 740 00:38:48.145 --> 00:38:52.565 of U-S-T-D-A over the last few years has been to try 741 00:38:52.585 --> 00:38:55.325 to articulate that message directly 742 00:38:55.385 --> 00:38:58.485 to procurement agencies in target emerging 743 00:38:58.485 --> 00:38:59.565 markets around the world. 744 00:39:00.265 --> 00:39:04.085 Um, for example, uh, in an African context in both Ethiopia 745 00:39:04.625 --> 00:39:08.445 and Botswana, uh, presently, uh, we have advisors 746 00:39:08.665 --> 00:39:12.725 who are working with, um, very sensitive, uh, procurement 747 00:39:13.565 --> 00:39:15.205 oriented agencies, um, 748 00:39:16.025 --> 00:39:20.085 and advising them in terms of the, uh, the, 749 00:39:20.085 --> 00:39:23.005 the unique value proposition, not just of us businesses, 750 00:39:23.425 --> 00:39:27.525 but of, um, incorporating best value, um, decision making, 751 00:39:28.025 --> 00:39:30.845 um, into their procurement activities. 752 00:39:30.965 --> 00:39:34.325 So ensuring that it's not just the lowest cost, um, 753 00:39:34.325 --> 00:39:35.325 that wins the award, 754 00:39:35.385 --> 00:39:38.645 but it's the, the lowest, um, the lowest lifecycle cost 755 00:39:39.065 --> 00:39:41.805 and the, and the greatest value, uh, that wins the award. 756 00:39:42.385 --> 00:39:45.125 We feel pretty strongly that, uh, the, the more agencies 757 00:39:45.125 --> 00:39:49.205 that, that begin to focus on, on best value procurement, um, 758 00:39:49.345 --> 00:39:50.685 out there in Sub-Saharan Africa 759 00:39:50.705 --> 00:39:52.725 and in other emerging marketplaces, uh, 760 00:39:52.725 --> 00:39:56.085 the stronger the competitive position of, of US enterprises, 761 00:39:56.385 --> 00:40:00.685 uh, will be, uh, ma'am, I, 762 00:40:00.725 --> 00:40:01.925 I believe you had a question as well, 763 00:40:02.625 --> 00:40:03.165 And how 764 00:40:15.775 --> 00:40:18.505 That isn't, uh, that's, it's certainly a, a critical, uh, 765 00:40:18.505 --> 00:40:22.065 area, the, the question concerned, um, uh, capacity building 766 00:40:22.165 --> 00:40:23.505 and, and workforce development. 767 00:40:24.205 --> 00:40:25.905 Um, this isn't an area 768 00:40:25.955 --> 00:40:29.425 where U-S-T-D-A plays a, a direct role. 769 00:40:29.765 --> 00:40:31.705 Um, more typically, uh, 770 00:40:31.835 --> 00:40:35.785 we're involved in the feasibility study for the, uh, 771 00:40:35.785 --> 00:40:37.465 for the infrastructure project itself, 772 00:40:38.005 --> 00:40:40.225 not necessarily building the capacity, uh, 773 00:40:40.385 --> 00:40:43.425 building the enabling environment around that facility. 774 00:40:44.285 --> 00:40:47.025 Um, with the exception, I would say of the work 775 00:40:47.025 --> 00:40:49.505 that we're doing around procurement reform, uh, the work 776 00:40:49.505 --> 00:40:52.185 that we're doing, let's say, um, evangelizing about the, 777 00:40:52.645 --> 00:40:53.945 the, the benefits of, 778 00:40:53.945 --> 00:40:56.265 of best value procurement versus lowest cost 779 00:40:56.295 --> 00:41:00.945 procurement, sir, 780 00:41:04.095 --> 00:41:06.465 That come in, talk about the building. 781 00:41:06.845 --> 00:41:08.985 Is it new, uh, structures 782 00:41:08.985 --> 00:41:11.505 or can the expansion of a existing 783 00:41:12.065 --> 00:41:13.785 facility in Africa as well? 784 00:41:14.935 --> 00:41:16.475 We certainly do both kinds. 785 00:41:16.775 --> 00:41:20.355 Um, the small hydropower projects, uh, 786 00:41:20.355 --> 00:41:23.115 from several slides ago, you might recall, uh, 787 00:41:23.235 --> 00:41:25.795 that was a rehabilitation of an existing facility. 788 00:41:26.335 --> 00:41:28.875 Um, more frequently I'll, I'll say that we work 789 00:41:28.875 --> 00:41:30.155 with Greenfield projects, 790 00:41:30.155 --> 00:41:33.325 so we're developing infrastructure ventures from scratch, 791 00:41:33.665 --> 00:41:36.005 um, but we're more than receptive to, um, 792 00:41:36.205 --> 00:41:40.005 a rehabilitating existing, uh, uh, facilities as well. 793 00:41:40.205 --> 00:41:41.685 I think we have time for, for maybe 794 00:41:41.745 --> 00:41:42.765 one or two more questions. 795 00:41:46.105 --> 00:41:47.205 Um, sir, 796 00:41:51.585 --> 00:41:53.645 Uh, sorry, just one more question. 797 00:41:53.945 --> 00:41:57.285 Uh, I was, uh, curious about, I, you, 798 00:41:57.345 --> 00:42:01.125 you were particularly concerned not to post this on Africa, 799 00:42:01.225 --> 00:42:03.165 and that's, that's a reasonable concern, 800 00:42:03.185 --> 00:42:05.885 and I know that they're really needed with the work 801 00:42:06.195 --> 00:42:07.525 that we do there ourselves. 802 00:42:08.065 --> 00:42:11.645 But I was wondering whether you guys are considering 803 00:42:11.795 --> 00:42:14.485 helping, uh, African states 804 00:42:14.585 --> 00:42:17.525 and government have a, a sort of a, 805 00:42:17.925 --> 00:42:22.645 a policy structure in place that will be able, in fact, 806 00:42:22.785 --> 00:42:25.685 to appreciate all the work that has been done 807 00:42:25.705 --> 00:42:27.045 to power Africa. 808 00:42:31.325 --> 00:42:34.605 W the, the Power Africa initiative more broadly 809 00:42:35.225 --> 00:42:37.885 is working quite closely, uh, directly with, 810 00:42:38.115 --> 00:42:40.765 with governments throughout the continent. 811 00:42:41.185 --> 00:42:44.005 Um, U-S-T-D-A doesn't tend to engage directly 812 00:42:44.005 --> 00:42:46.165 with governments, although we do, 813 00:42:46.385 --> 00:42:50.365 and in fact, we work with governments from time to time as, 814 00:42:50.585 --> 00:42:51.765 uh, as grantees. 815 00:42:51.985 --> 00:42:56.765 Um, in Kenya, for example, um, the, uh, 816 00:42:57.005 --> 00:43:00.125 KPCL, um, excuse me, if I have the acronym incorrectly, 817 00:43:00.125 --> 00:43:01.445 maybe someone in the room can correct me. 818 00:43:01.445 --> 00:43:04.285 But the, the utility in Kenya, um, is, is 819 00:43:04.335 --> 00:43:05.365 among our grantees. 820 00:43:05.695 --> 00:43:09.365 We're developing a, a small solar power project, um, 821 00:43:09.715 --> 00:43:11.965 with the government of Kenya directly, 822 00:43:13.065 --> 00:43:17.285 but the larger Power Africa initiative is much more engaged 823 00:43:17.515 --> 00:43:20.325 with, um, host country governments. 824 00:43:20.865 --> 00:43:25.165 Um, for example, uh, U-S-A-I-D, uh, the 825 00:43:25.905 --> 00:43:28.205 key implementing agency of Power Africa. 826 00:43:28.945 --> 00:43:31.925 Um, that's the, uh, US Agency for International Development. 827 00:43:32.265 --> 00:43:35.805 Um, they have a, a whole network of advisors 828 00:43:36.065 --> 00:43:39.485 who are embedded, uh, within key ministries, um, 829 00:43:39.585 --> 00:43:41.565 in several countries. 830 00:43:42.225 --> 00:43:45.365 Um, and, and they are probably in the best position to be, 831 00:43:45.585 --> 00:43:49.485 uh, describing the, the value of the work that we're doing. 832 00:43:51.055 --> 00:43:54.485 Which the good news is that I, I believe is, is, is widely, 833 00:43:54.785 --> 00:43:55.805 um, AC accepted. 834 00:43:56.045 --> 00:43:59.125 I, I believe that, um, the, the countries where, uh, 835 00:43:59.515 --> 00:44:00.605 both us TDA 836 00:44:00.605 --> 00:44:02.765 and the broader Power Africa initiative are most active, 837 00:44:03.145 --> 00:44:06.205 are quite receptive to the work that we're doing, um, aware 838 00:44:06.205 --> 00:44:08.845 of its value and eager to continue to engage 839 00:44:08.845 --> 00:44:12.185 with us. Sir, 840 00:44:13.045 --> 00:44:15.425 I'm related to a university in the capital city 841 00:44:15.425 --> 00:44:17.345 of Burundi, bbo. 842 00:44:18.305 --> 00:44:20.785 I wonder what your attitude is toward the more troubled 843 00:44:20.785 --> 00:44:24.345 parts of Eastern Congo and countries like Burundi. 844 00:44:24.695 --> 00:44:25.905 Yeah, I, I had a, a, 845 00:44:26.105 --> 00:44:27.745 a compelling conversation earlier this 846 00:44:27.745 --> 00:44:28.945 morning about the DRC. 847 00:44:29.365 --> 00:44:32.645 Um, unfortunately there are, uh, there are, 848 00:44:32.645 --> 00:44:34.645 there are some marketplaces where it's very difficult 849 00:44:34.645 --> 00:44:35.925 for us to, to do business. 850 00:44:36.105 --> 00:44:39.845 Um, DRC and for the time being Burundi are, are among them. 851 00:44:40.425 --> 00:44:44.565 Um, the, the simple problem being that, uh, it seems to us 852 00:44:44.635 --> 00:44:49.045 that it is, uh, that the financial community regards, uh, 853 00:44:49.115 --> 00:44:53.565 Burundi as, as a very problematic place to extend capital, 854 00:44:53.665 --> 00:44:55.645 to extend debt, um, in particular. 855 00:44:56.185 --> 00:44:59.445 And, um, as a result of that, it's, it's viewed as, 856 00:44:59.505 --> 00:45:02.445 as much more, certainly much more risky. 857 00:45:02.945 --> 00:45:06.125 Um, as that's a situation we continue to monitor. 858 00:45:06.365 --> 00:45:09.645 I would love an excuse to work in, uh, Burundi's, uh, 859 00:45:09.645 --> 00:45:11.845 particularly their, uh, small hydropower marketplace. 860 00:45:11.845 --> 00:45:14.565 There's an enormous amount of opportunity there, um, 861 00:45:14.625 --> 00:45:16.885 to build out capacity to extend access. 862 00:45:17.145 --> 00:45:18.805 Uh, but for the time being, we can't, 863 00:45:18.825 --> 00:45:19.845 uh, we can't work there. 864 00:45:20.065 --> 00:45:23.005 Um, other countries in that category would include, uh, 865 00:45:23.165 --> 00:45:24.805 Zimbabwe, um, 866 00:45:26.065 --> 00:45:29.685 and the, uh, other usual suspects of Eritrea, um, 867 00:45:30.025 --> 00:45:31.365 and, uh, South Sudan. 868 00:45:34.345 --> 00:45:36.205 Um, I, I think one more question 869 00:45:36.425 --> 00:45:38.365 and then we'll have to move on if 870 00:45:38.365 --> 00:45:39.405 in fact there is another question. 871 00:45:43.865 --> 00:45:46.205 No more questions. Okay. Well, thank you very much.
Each episode of Teachable Moments illustrates approaches to teaching cultural nuances through the use of hands-on, in-class activities, as well as tips on incorporating international examples in the college classroom. Many of the examples can be adapted to the high school classroom as well.
Description of the video:
WEBVTT 1 00:00:05.125 --> 00:00:07.335 This class is X three 30 international 2 00:00:07.615 --> 00:00:08.695 communication strategies. 3 00:00:09.715 --> 00:00:13.135 Um, the main goal of the class is to give students a model 4 00:00:13.195 --> 00:00:15.175 for understanding how to communicate 5 00:00:15.175 --> 00:00:16.815 with people from other cultures. 6 00:00:17.635 --> 00:00:20.775 Uh, we study a variety of factors by which to analyze, 7 00:00:20.925 --> 00:00:22.575 compare, and contrast cultures. 8 00:00:23.995 --> 00:00:27.215 And we want students to be able to apply these factors 9 00:00:27.315 --> 00:00:29.135 to their personal and professional lives. 10 00:00:30.675 --> 00:00:33.695 Now, in the segment we're about to watch, students are going 11 00:00:33.695 --> 00:00:35.375 to be applying both of these goals 12 00:00:35.435 --> 00:00:37.255 to a hypothetical business scenario. 13 00:00:38.075 --> 00:00:39.535 Um, in this scenario, they're working 14 00:00:39.535 --> 00:00:42.975 with a Chinese company providing infotech solutions 15 00:00:43.835 --> 00:00:46.615 and working on three negotiating points, 16 00:00:46.785 --> 00:00:48.215 relatively small points, 17 00:00:48.395 --> 00:00:50.775 but could have an important effect on the business. 18 00:00:53.215 --> 00:00:56.875 Now, in the first part of this semester, we studied a number 19 00:00:56.875 --> 00:01:00.355 of authorities on international communication, uh, so 20 00:01:00.355 --> 00:01:02.795 that students could learn a set of factors by which 21 00:01:02.815 --> 00:01:04.595 to compare and contrast cultures. 22 00:01:05.015 --> 00:01:08.315 Uh, some specific categories that we covered were high 23 00:01:08.315 --> 00:01:11.395 and low context, whether people tend 24 00:01:11.395 --> 00:01:13.635 to emphasize the literal meanings of language 25 00:01:13.775 --> 00:01:15.595 or have a higher context 26 00:01:15.855 --> 00:01:17.595 or more implied approach to meanings. 27 00:01:18.655 --> 00:01:20.755 Um, the general attitude toward age 28 00:01:20.775 --> 00:01:23.995 and seniority, uh, in a specific culture. 29 00:01:24.105 --> 00:01:25.635 Does age create privilege? 30 00:01:27.015 --> 00:01:28.435 Um, whether people tend 31 00:01:28.435 --> 00:01:30.715 to be more individualistic or collectivist. 32 00:01:31.495 --> 00:01:33.475 Uh, that is whether the responsibility 33 00:01:33.535 --> 00:01:36.275 for your actions relates more to you as an individual 34 00:01:36.455 --> 00:01:39.275 or to various groups you might be affiliated with. 35 00:01:40.095 --> 00:01:41.755 Uh, whether people are more results 36 00:01:41.775 --> 00:01:43.235 or relationship oriented, 37 00:01:43.865 --> 00:01:46.555 that is whether they emphasize the ends of situations 38 00:01:46.735 --> 00:01:49.715 or the relationships that are created along 39 00:01:49.715 --> 00:01:51.355 with the process of doing business. 40 00:01:51.355 --> 00:01:53.475 Another important factor is the idea of face. 41 00:01:54.095 --> 00:01:58.315 Um, face is your reputation, your image, the level 42 00:01:58.655 --> 00:02:00.395 of respect people have for you. 43 00:02:01.135 --> 00:02:02.915 Um, face can be won 44 00:02:02.915 --> 00:02:05.915 or lost to dozen times throughout the course of a day. 45 00:02:07.015 --> 00:02:09.035 Uh, another factor is hierarchy. 46 00:02:09.575 --> 00:02:13.875 Um, hierarchy is your place in society and also your formal 47 00:02:14.015 --> 00:02:18.635 and informal reputation, again related to what kind 48 00:02:18.635 --> 00:02:20.795 of face you've gained in working through other people. 49 00:02:21.735 --> 00:02:26.315 Now in previous classes, um, I've given the students a set 50 00:02:26.315 --> 00:02:27.955 of characteristics that are said 51 00:02:27.955 --> 00:02:30.275 to be true about Chinese people and Chinese culture. 52 00:02:30.765 --> 00:02:32.435 These are a little oversimplified 53 00:02:32.615 --> 00:02:35.595 and that to really get into Chinese negotiation 54 00:02:35.695 --> 00:02:37.635 for instance, you need to talk about a variety 55 00:02:37.635 --> 00:02:39.355 of regional negotiating styles. 56 00:02:39.935 --> 00:02:43.555 Um, also for our purposes, uh, Chinese refers 57 00:02:43.555 --> 00:02:45.315 to people from the mainland of China. 58 00:02:46.335 --> 00:02:48.675 Now, Chinese people are said to be high context. 59 00:02:49.665 --> 00:02:52.355 That is to be aware of the broad context of business 60 00:02:52.495 --> 00:02:56.235 and also of the implied meanings of things they're said 61 00:02:56.235 --> 00:02:57.995 to be relationship based. 62 00:02:58.945 --> 00:03:00.405 Uh, relationships are crucial. 63 00:03:01.345 --> 00:03:04.285 Um, age carries privilege both in social 64 00:03:04.385 --> 00:03:05.485 and professional life. 65 00:03:06.345 --> 00:03:10.325 Uh, Chinese culture is also said to be somewhat hierarchical 66 00:03:10.325 --> 00:03:11.685 and vertical collectivist. 67 00:03:12.345 --> 00:03:16.005 Um, a vertical collectivist culture is one in which people 68 00:03:16.105 --> 00:03:18.285 are very inter reliant on each other, 69 00:03:18.505 --> 00:03:22.005 but you still have a definite level of authority. 70 00:03:23.185 --> 00:03:24.685 Now the concepts of face 71 00:03:24.825 --> 00:03:27.925 and quai are also very important in Chinese culture. 72 00:03:28.785 --> 00:03:31.765 Uh, face is your image that can be enhanced 73 00:03:31.825 --> 00:03:33.885 or weakened many times throughout a day. 74 00:03:34.905 --> 00:03:37.845 And Xi is um, 75 00:03:38.485 --> 00:03:41.525 building obligations from people by doing favors for them 76 00:03:42.345 --> 00:03:44.805 and therefore creating a network of friends. 77 00:03:45.125 --> 00:03:48.445 Creating a network of business associates, uh, 78 00:03:48.445 --> 00:03:51.405 with whom you share obligation and share favors. 79 00:03:51.865 --> 00:03:53.765 And in turn, share status. 80 00:03:54.305 --> 00:03:55.325 In today's class, 81 00:03:55.905 --> 00:03:58.165 the students will be using the scenario I gave them 82 00:03:58.185 --> 00:04:01.645 to answer three questions which are slight problems 83 00:04:01.645 --> 00:04:03.885 that have occurred in working with their Chinese partner. 84 00:04:04.545 --> 00:04:08.765 Um, I previously posted this on my electronic work site. 85 00:04:09.025 --> 00:04:10.925 Now I'm passing out hard copies so 86 00:04:10.925 --> 00:04:13.445 that the students can once again refer to the case 87 00:04:14.025 --> 00:04:17.525 and working impromptu teams to come up with answers 88 00:04:17.585 --> 00:04:22.095 to three different questions you're sent over 89 00:04:22.195 --> 00:04:23.895 to have a look through operations 90 00:04:23.895 --> 00:04:25.855 and see if there's any little tweaking you can do 91 00:04:25.855 --> 00:04:27.095 to make things more efficient. 92 00:04:27.955 --> 00:04:30.775 So you've got three possible areas to tweak here. 93 00:04:33.035 --> 00:04:34.855 One is contractor. 94 00:04:34.915 --> 00:04:38.535 The company outsources tech two is charging twice as much 95 00:04:38.535 --> 00:04:39.895 as normal for their services. 96 00:04:41.035 --> 00:04:44.775 Second, contractors being paid outta different accounts 97 00:04:45.225 --> 00:04:46.495 makes it hard to keep records. 98 00:04:48.745 --> 00:04:52.535 Third, Mr. Chan does all the personal approval 99 00:04:53.435 --> 00:04:55.135 of payments to individual vendors, 100 00:04:55.225 --> 00:04:57.055 which you think is kind of inefficient. 101 00:04:57.115 --> 00:04:59.095 You think he could delegate some of this stuff. 102 00:05:00.075 --> 00:05:04.935 So your challenge here is to figure out a way to 103 00:05:06.005 --> 00:05:09.255 talk with Mr. Chen, perhaps persuade Mr. Chen a little bit 104 00:05:09.365 --> 00:05:12.615 that things could be done slightly more efficiently. 105 00:05:13.955 --> 00:05:17.695 Now you're gonna analyze this in impromptu team context. 106 00:05:20.235 --> 00:05:22.455 So here's a team, 107 00:05:23.635 --> 00:05:25.775 here's a team you can match up if you want to. 108 00:05:26.155 --> 00:05:27.855 Here's a team and here's a team. 109 00:05:29.085 --> 00:05:31.815 There's no one exact correct set of answers 110 00:05:32.315 --> 00:05:33.415 to the three problems, 111 00:05:33.595 --> 00:05:35.495 but there are in fact some wrong answers. 112 00:05:35.705 --> 00:05:38.415 Wrong answers would be answers that were inconsistent with 113 00:05:38.415 --> 00:05:40.295 what the students know about Chinese culture. 114 00:05:41.555 --> 00:05:43.775 So, um, let's go ahead 115 00:05:43.775 --> 00:05:45.295 and see how they do on the three questions. 116 00:05:53.215 --> 00:05:57.845 I dunno how you could bring it up to, you have 117 00:05:57.845 --> 00:06:01.605 to make it seem directly not like you're questioning 118 00:06:06.275 --> 00:06:10.605 Fred bet that 119 00:06:18.445 --> 00:06:20.245 probably thinking, well this helped out my friend too. 120 00:06:20.795 --> 00:06:21.795 He's help me out. 121 00:06:22.785 --> 00:06:25.965 So take a couple of minutes, come up with a recommendation 122 00:06:25.985 --> 00:06:28.685 for each area which you'd like to address. 123 00:06:30.025 --> 00:06:34.125 So being charged twice as much for outsourcing 124 00:06:34.265 --> 00:06:36.685 as is necessary, paying out 125 00:06:36.685 --> 00:06:39.325 of different accounts and Mr. 126 00:06:39.725 --> 00:06:43.725 Chen's desire to personally approve payments to vendors. 127 00:06:46.625 --> 00:06:50.685 He is not saying that I'm is company benefit. 128 00:06:56.635 --> 00:06:58.365 Well, first of all, a couple of questions. 129 00:06:58.465 --> 00:07:01.245 Is it relevant that Mr. Chen is twice as old as you are? 130 00:07:02.545 --> 00:07:05.365 Yes. Okay. To what extent is that relevant? 131 00:07:06.065 --> 00:07:07.565 Uh, 'cause it's a role 132 00:07:07.695 --> 00:07:11.285 where older people are more respected in the Chinese 133 00:07:11.285 --> 00:07:13.285 culture, east Asian language in general, which is 134 00:07:13.285 --> 00:07:16.525 what the book talks about versus in American culture is when 135 00:07:16.945 --> 00:07:20.605 we view those people as like outdated versus you know, 136 00:07:20.605 --> 00:07:22.085 they have more knowledge. 137 00:07:22.365 --> 00:07:24.685 'cause in China you get experience from learning it 138 00:07:24.685 --> 00:07:25.885 through people rather than trying 139 00:07:25.885 --> 00:07:27.565 to find it yourself. Yeah. 140 00:07:27.995 --> 00:07:29.485 Okay, cool. Explanation. 141 00:07:30.105 --> 00:07:31.805 And to what extent does that affect 142 00:07:31.805 --> 00:07:33.165 how you negotiate with somebody? 143 00:07:36.355 --> 00:07:40.085 It's like what uh, they said in here, you know, 144 00:07:40.145 --> 00:07:42.405 for example when you talk about, uh, 145 00:07:42.505 --> 00:07:43.845 you can't have them lower price 146 00:07:43.875 --> 00:07:46.325 because then it would, they'll lose face. 147 00:07:46.505 --> 00:07:49.005 Or if you try to do something that's against 148 00:07:49.005 --> 00:07:50.725 what Mr. Chen would said, he's twice your age, 149 00:07:50.725 --> 00:07:53.565 he's losing face to someone younger, then you have 150 00:07:53.565 --> 00:07:54.925 to give recommendations. 151 00:07:54.985 --> 00:07:56.805 That's one focus point of our group is 152 00:07:56.805 --> 00:07:59.605 that when we were coming up with recommendations, we wanted 153 00:07:59.605 --> 00:08:02.325 to do it in a way where it would actually empower him 154 00:08:02.385 --> 00:08:04.565 and give him mutual benefit and make his job easier 155 00:08:04.565 --> 00:08:08.565 because our recommendations make the overall business 156 00:08:08.565 --> 00:08:11.085 process better by making things more faster 157 00:08:11.185 --> 00:08:12.365 and efficient for him to do. 158 00:08:13.755 --> 00:08:14.965 Okay, so let's go ahead 159 00:08:14.965 --> 00:08:16.605 and take recommendation number one. 160 00:08:17.385 --> 00:08:19.525 Um, the contractor, 161 00:08:19.585 --> 00:08:22.045 the company outsources some tech two's charging twice 162 00:08:22.105 --> 00:08:24.005 as much as necessary for services. 163 00:08:25.185 --> 00:08:27.405 So how can you take that philosophy in 164 00:08:27.405 --> 00:08:30.405 and come up with a way to negotiate that point? 165 00:08:30.905 --> 00:08:32.325 You're in partnership now. 166 00:08:32.325 --> 00:08:34.085 You don't think you ought to be paying twice as much 167 00:08:34.085 --> 00:08:35.445 as necessary for the services. 168 00:08:35.545 --> 00:08:37.125 So how are you gonna negotiate that point? 169 00:08:38.475 --> 00:08:40.605 Yeah, I think maybe Not the entire strategy itself, 170 00:08:40.605 --> 00:08:42.925 but just one key aspect of the strategy would be 171 00:08:42.925 --> 00:08:46.405 to find an ally maybe in the company who's also older 172 00:08:46.545 --> 00:08:49.765 and actually from his company and just kind of ally with him 173 00:08:49.785 --> 00:08:51.205 and have him be your mediator 174 00:08:51.465 --> 00:08:52.845 or the person who talks in between. 175 00:08:52.845 --> 00:08:55.365 And that way you're not directly going to the top 176 00:08:55.365 --> 00:08:56.525 of the company where, you know, 177 00:08:56.525 --> 00:08:58.445 there may still be power structure in between. 178 00:08:58.905 --> 00:09:01.805 You can't really jump to his level at that time 179 00:09:02.065 --> 00:09:05.685 and you can kind of have a more, you know, less of a loss 180 00:09:05.685 --> 00:09:08.085 of face and more of an open communication moment. 181 00:09:09.315 --> 00:09:11.885 Okay. We got a recommendation for forming an ally. 182 00:09:13.945 --> 00:09:16.645 Can I run with that Blake? 183 00:09:16.945 --> 00:09:19.725 We said to avoid losing face that um, 184 00:09:19.955 --> 00:09:22.845 this company could potentially look for, um, 185 00:09:23.425 --> 00:09:26.285 an alternative supplier that could offer lower prices. 186 00:09:26.945 --> 00:09:30.645 Um, so instead of asking your, your current supplier 187 00:09:30.825 --> 00:09:33.285 for price concessions, you can go to a new supplier 188 00:09:33.665 --> 00:09:34.885 and ask for price concessions 189 00:09:34.885 --> 00:09:36.565 and hopefully avoid losing face. 190 00:09:38.875 --> 00:09:40.765 Okay. Uh, switch suppliers, 191 00:09:41.105 --> 00:09:44.685 Not, not completely, just temporarily possibly, um, 192 00:09:44.895 --> 00:09:47.045 until you maybe could establish a relationship 193 00:09:47.045 --> 00:09:48.605 with the other supplier. 194 00:09:49.995 --> 00:09:53.445 Okay. So we got a recommendation for a different supplier. 195 00:09:54.095 --> 00:09:56.445 Let's go ahead and write down some of these. 196 00:09:56.445 --> 00:09:58.485 We've got forming an ally, 197 00:10:05.525 --> 00:10:07.245 starting a recommendation with a new supplier, 198 00:10:07.245 --> 00:10:09.685 but maybe not an exclusive relationship. 199 00:10:10.455 --> 00:10:11.685 Aaron, wouldn't 200 00:10:11.685 --> 00:10:15.085 That hurt one of the Chinese business practice's main 201 00:10:15.085 --> 00:10:18.325 focuses of keeping the relationship at the forefront 202 00:10:18.325 --> 00:10:21.525 of all business because they, one 203 00:10:21.525 --> 00:10:24.885 of their main focuses is extending the guanxi network, 204 00:10:25.255 --> 00:10:28.045 which is like the whole relationship focus. 205 00:10:28.545 --> 00:10:31.045 So if you're looking to go to a new supplier, doesn't 206 00:10:31.045 --> 00:10:35.605 that kind of, uh, um, shouldn't it, isn't it a way 207 00:10:35.865 --> 00:10:37.525 of saying that we don't trust you 208 00:10:37.525 --> 00:10:38.805 because you're overcharging us 209 00:10:38.865 --> 00:10:42.365 and especially since he's really good friends with the, 210 00:10:42.505 --> 00:10:47.125 the company isn't that likely to be seen by Mr. Chen 211 00:10:47.185 --> 00:10:48.365 as a bad decision 212 00:10:48.625 --> 00:10:50.645 and couldn't that lose face for you 213 00:10:51.145 --> 00:10:53.125 for actually making such a suggestion? 214 00:10:54.275 --> 00:10:56.325 Yeah, we mentioned in the case description that 215 00:10:56.325 --> 00:10:57.725 that supplier had been dealing 216 00:10:57.725 --> 00:10:59.725 with the company since the company started. 217 00:11:00.505 --> 00:11:03.725 So it'd be pretty tricky to try 218 00:11:03.725 --> 00:11:05.805 and start a relationship with a new supplier. 219 00:11:06.445 --> 00:11:09.685 'cause as you said, as Aaron said, great, great potential 220 00:11:09.685 --> 00:11:12.885 for loss of face if it wasn't done very tactfully. Yeah, 221 00:11:13.325 --> 00:11:14.325 I need to piggyback on that. Um, 222 00:11:14.325 --> 00:11:16.565 I, I don't know, maybe to appeal to the relationship 223 00:11:16.565 --> 00:11:17.565 and the reciprocity. 224 00:11:17.585 --> 00:11:19.485 So maybe the supplier would want it kind 225 00:11:19.485 --> 00:11:21.245 of have a lower price for you 'cause you have been doing 226 00:11:21.525 --> 00:11:24.005 business for such a long time so they wanna give 227 00:11:24.955 --> 00:11:27.125 back instead of being in debt to that relationship. 228 00:11:28.195 --> 00:11:30.405 Okay. Um, okay, 229 00:11:30.405 --> 00:11:33.085 so the re recommendation is since you've had such a good 230 00:11:33.085 --> 00:11:34.205 long-term relationship, 231 00:11:34.235 --> 00:11:35.885 perhaps at this point you can start 232 00:11:35.885 --> 00:11:38.005 negotiating for a lower price, right? Uh, 233 00:11:38.005 --> 00:11:42.205 We had a kind of similar idea with slight variation, 234 00:11:42.305 --> 00:11:44.525 but we were thinking maybe you actually go 235 00:11:44.545 --> 00:11:46.925 and talk to the supplier with Mr. Chen 236 00:11:47.225 --> 00:11:50.725 and maybe use language that would suggest, uh, 237 00:11:50.735 --> 00:11:51.845 maybe then lowering your price. 238 00:11:51.845 --> 00:11:54.245 You don't come out and say it. So maybe they have the 239 00:11:54.245 --> 00:11:56.445 opportunity to say that, hey, 240 00:11:56.505 --> 00:11:58.445 we will drop our price if it helps you out. 241 00:11:59.025 --> 00:12:02.205 So they save face by making the suggestion themselves 242 00:12:02.305 --> 00:12:03.725 and you stay in the relationship. 243 00:12:05.995 --> 00:12:09.045 Okay, that, that is a very, very nice 244 00:12:09.105 --> 00:12:11.245 and subtle suggestion 245 00:12:11.245 --> 00:12:14.765 and gives us some possibility for a higher context language. 246 00:12:14.865 --> 00:12:16.565 Can anybody think of a good way to say 247 00:12:16.565 --> 00:12:18.605 that without saying it? 248 00:12:20.835 --> 00:12:22.005 Well we were kind of thinking 249 00:12:22.005 --> 00:12:23.605 of saying something along the lines of 250 00:12:23.905 --> 00:12:26.645 as you're going into the, the dinner you're talking 251 00:12:26.865 --> 00:12:30.285 and then you say something like, oh we're struggling with, 252 00:12:30.385 --> 00:12:31.725 you know, with this and this. 253 00:12:32.185 --> 00:12:34.845 And then they have the opportunity to say, 254 00:12:34.945 --> 00:12:36.325 oh, but we can help you. 255 00:12:36.545 --> 00:12:39.405 And then they gain face, you don't really lose face 256 00:12:40.025 --> 00:12:41.045 and everyone's happy. 257 00:12:43.395 --> 00:12:45.045 Okay, I think we're well on our way 258 00:12:45.045 --> 00:12:46.045 to making people happy now. 259 00:12:48.185 --> 00:12:49.885 Um, And you know, 260 00:12:49.885 --> 00:12:53.005 pro probably the broad, go ahead. Well what 261 00:12:53.005 --> 00:12:54.245 Happens if they don't catch onto that? 262 00:12:54.715 --> 00:12:55.845 Then what, what's next? 263 00:12:56.235 --> 00:12:57.805 They are a higher context culture, 264 00:12:58.145 --> 00:13:02.045 so they're gonna be more attuned to these kind of subtle 265 00:13:03.075 --> 00:13:04.885 nuances and metaphors for that kind of thing. 266 00:13:06.125 --> 00:13:07.045 I think another thing that you 267 00:13:07.085 --> 00:13:08.125 can do just based on the high 268 00:13:08.195 --> 00:13:10.125 Context culture, you can go 269 00:13:10.125 --> 00:13:12.485 and, you know, list multiple accomplishments 270 00:13:12.485 --> 00:13:14.045 that you made in some of the better areas, 271 00:13:14.705 --> 00:13:16.685 but then also single out some areas, you know, 272 00:13:16.785 --> 00:13:19.725 oh well we're doing wonderful in A, B and C 273 00:13:19.725 --> 00:13:21.605 and we're just kind of having a few little issues here, 274 00:13:21.615 --> 00:13:24.485 which is really the area that they can most help out. 275 00:13:24.585 --> 00:13:26.445 And, and that without actually 276 00:13:26.445 --> 00:13:27.725 coming out and saying it would help too. 277 00:13:29.075 --> 00:13:31.325 Okay, great, great recommendation 278 00:13:31.345 --> 00:13:33.245 for a higher context approach without 279 00:13:33.605 --> 00:13:34.725 directly confronting the problem. 280 00:13:35.845 --> 00:13:38.565 'cause if you said what said what was going well, then 281 00:13:39.305 --> 00:13:41.525 the category that you didn't mention would obviously 282 00:13:41.605 --> 00:13:42.725 a category of focus. 283 00:13:49.685 --> 00:13:54.665 So point number two, contractors being paid out, 284 00:13:54.665 --> 00:13:56.185 different accounts, making the record 285 00:13:56.185 --> 00:13:57.425 keeping more difficult. 286 00:13:58.325 --> 00:13:59.425 So you'd like to see all 287 00:13:59.425 --> 00:14:01.425 of the expenses come out of the same account. 288 00:14:02.085 --> 00:14:03.625 Now that's a little thing. 289 00:14:04.325 --> 00:14:06.385 Can anybody speculate why Mr. Chen might 290 00:14:06.385 --> 00:14:07.505 be doing it that way? 291 00:14:07.505 --> 00:14:12.065 To start with paying people out 292 00:14:12.065 --> 00:14:13.665 of different accounts when you think it'd be more 293 00:14:13.825 --> 00:14:14.945 efficient to pay outta one account? 294 00:14:24.255 --> 00:14:26.015 I mean, an obvious possible reason is 295 00:14:26.015 --> 00:14:28.095 that maybe different people are in charge 296 00:14:28.095 --> 00:14:29.655 of different accounts and he doesn't want to have 297 00:14:29.655 --> 00:14:31.295 to consolidate his workforce of people 298 00:14:31.295 --> 00:14:32.455 that have worked there for a long time. 299 00:14:32.835 --> 00:14:36.455 So in order to keep people employed, that's kind 300 00:14:36.455 --> 00:14:37.495 of the method that they're using. 301 00:14:38.885 --> 00:14:40.175 Yeah, I think that's quite 302 00:14:40.415 --> 00:14:41.495 possible. Blake, I would guess 303 00:14:41.495 --> 00:14:43.775 That he just doesn't want to make it clear as to 304 00:14:43.775 --> 00:14:45.575 how much they're actually paying. 305 00:14:45.915 --> 00:14:48.975 Um, the suppliers, it's probably clear 306 00:14:48.975 --> 00:14:50.095 that they're overpaying, 307 00:14:50.115 --> 00:14:52.565 but by taking the money outta different accounts, 308 00:14:52.905 --> 00:14:55.565 you don't have one huge amount coming out of one account. 309 00:14:55.675 --> 00:14:57.365 It's a lot of small amounts coming outta 310 00:14:57.605 --> 00:14:58.605 Multiple accounts. 311 00:14:59.275 --> 00:15:01.685 Okay, so we got, we got two possible reasons there. 312 00:15:01.825 --> 00:15:04.405 One is that the different accounts are different people's 313 00:15:04.405 --> 00:15:06.045 areas of jurisdiction basically. 314 00:15:06.665 --> 00:15:08.165 And you wanna keep things the way they are 315 00:15:08.225 --> 00:15:09.285 in terms of the workforce. 316 00:15:09.825 --> 00:15:12.045 The other one is to possibly not show just 317 00:15:12.065 --> 00:15:14.365 how much you're paying in the overpayment situation. 318 00:15:14.665 --> 00:15:16.885 So taking those into consideration. 319 00:15:17.065 --> 00:15:19.845 Can anybody think of a, a good argument for, 320 00:15:21.075 --> 00:15:23.245 well it'd be better if we just paid outta one account 321 00:15:30.465 --> 00:15:31.505 is a little thing, but a lot 322 00:15:31.505 --> 00:15:33.745 of negotiation points are in fact little things. 323 00:15:47.205 --> 00:15:48.655 Ryan, do you have any insights on? 324 00:15:49.605 --> 00:15:53.775 Well, um, you probably would want to approach him 325 00:15:53.775 --> 00:15:55.855 by asking why they're doing it that way. 326 00:15:55.985 --> 00:15:58.615 Since he is sort of like the, 327 00:15:58.675 --> 00:16:00.015 the number two person in the company 328 00:16:00.075 --> 00:16:02.855 and has such authority, they have to have some, 329 00:16:02.855 --> 00:16:04.055 they have a reason for doing it. 330 00:16:04.195 --> 00:16:06.095 So if you can figure out what their reason is, 331 00:16:06.445 --> 00:16:07.615 then you can approach him 332 00:16:07.675 --> 00:16:11.295 and say, well maybe it, it could be easier for you to have 333 00:16:11.295 --> 00:16:15.255 that number coming out of one account so that it's clear 334 00:16:15.395 --> 00:16:18.615 how much is coming out and you have your, your number set. 335 00:16:18.635 --> 00:16:21.255 So you see that work related in your accounting is easier, 336 00:16:22.035 --> 00:16:25.175 but you would want to approach it so that you maintain 337 00:16:25.995 --> 00:16:29.135 his face and he's able to explain himself 338 00:16:29.235 --> 00:16:30.335 and his reasoning first. 339 00:16:31.085 --> 00:16:32.615 Yeah, good recommendation. 340 00:16:32.755 --> 00:16:34.695 Uh, at that point you can't really deal with, 341 00:16:34.695 --> 00:16:35.895 you find out the why of it, 342 00:16:36.795 --> 00:16:39.095 if you find out why he is doing it that way. Yes. 343 00:16:39.835 --> 00:16:40.855 I'm Just wondering if, I think 344 00:16:40.855 --> 00:16:43.575 that's a really great idea, but I just, I'm wondering if I, 345 00:16:44.335 --> 00:16:46.775 I know just because of like the hierarchy situation, 346 00:16:46.805 --> 00:16:49.375 whether if you ask a question of a superior 347 00:16:49.375 --> 00:16:51.135 and then they feel like they're defending themselves, 348 00:16:51.445 --> 00:16:53.335 whether that would go off well, 349 00:16:55.525 --> 00:16:57.895 Well it isn't exactly the same situation 350 00:16:57.895 --> 00:17:00.255 because he's older than you are but your partners. 351 00:17:00.715 --> 00:17:03.375 So it's not really a superior subordinate situation. 352 00:17:03.445 --> 00:17:05.495 It's a partner in partner situation 353 00:17:06.115 --> 00:17:07.455 so there wouldn't be quite as much 354 00:17:07.455 --> 00:17:08.735 problem with face in that. 355 00:17:08.755 --> 00:17:10.855 But you of course you'd still have the age difference. 356 00:17:12.715 --> 00:17:14.575 So I think we'll go with the recommendation, 357 00:17:14.935 --> 00:17:16.935 postpone action till we find out more about the why 358 00:17:22.455 --> 00:17:25.085 third Mr. Chen feels that he has 359 00:17:25.085 --> 00:17:27.885 to personally approve payments to the various vendors. 360 00:17:29.395 --> 00:17:31.565 He's also a little casual about record keeping. 361 00:17:32.305 --> 00:17:35.485 You think you ought to delegate more authority so 362 00:17:35.485 --> 00:17:36.605 that things will move faster. 363 00:17:37.745 --> 00:17:39.485 Uh, how would you persuade him into 364 00:17:39.485 --> 00:17:40.645 delegating more authority? 365 00:17:44.395 --> 00:17:46.435 I mean that could be another situation with the ally 366 00:17:46.485 --> 00:17:49.075 where, you know, not necessarily you're just talking 367 00:17:49.085 --> 00:17:51.885 through the ally, but you're also suggesting, oh you know, 368 00:17:51.885 --> 00:17:53.205 you've done such a great job with this, 369 00:17:53.225 --> 00:17:55.005 but it's gotta be so overburdensome, 370 00:17:55.065 --> 00:17:57.885 so why don't you have someone you know who's an ally. 371 00:17:57.885 --> 00:18:00.285 So obviously that person has faced with Mr. Chen 372 00:18:00.795 --> 00:18:04.525 also helping him with his workload so it's harder, you know, 373 00:18:04.945 --> 00:18:07.845 or it's not as hard on him and it's a little easier 374 00:18:08.025 --> 00:18:10.205 and you're still maintaining his face 375 00:18:10.265 --> 00:18:12.205 for such a great job that he's done so far. 376 00:18:12.905 --> 00:18:14.865 Wow. Yeah, I like that. 377 00:18:14.945 --> 00:18:18.425 I like the way he worked in the compliment too. Yes. 378 00:18:18.665 --> 00:18:21.185 I think also too, um, on the back where he said 379 00:18:21.185 --> 00:18:22.785 that sounds like something that wouldn't work in 380 00:18:22.795 --> 00:18:24.025 China or why would it work? 381 00:18:24.445 --> 00:18:26.625 We thought maybe you could appeal to the collectivism 382 00:18:26.685 --> 00:18:29.825 of the country and talk about how that nothing can be, 383 00:18:30.255 --> 00:18:31.745 they can't be successful without the 384 00:18:31.745 --> 00:18:32.865 input of all the employees. 385 00:18:32.865 --> 00:18:34.145 So by delegating, you know, 386 00:18:34.305 --> 00:18:36.385 everyone would be working towards the common goal together. 387 00:18:38.495 --> 00:18:40.785 Okay. Um, team four input. 388 00:18:43.145 --> 00:18:46.485 Uh, we basically said that if we allow Mr. Chen 389 00:18:46.585 --> 00:18:49.845 to like personally pick the person that would be in charge 390 00:18:49.985 --> 00:18:53.205 of, um, delegating payments or whatever, 391 00:18:53.625 --> 00:18:55.845 and he would still have somewhat of a 392 00:18:57.005 --> 00:18:59.485 supervisory role over the whole payment process. 393 00:19:00.025 --> 00:19:02.565 And so he'd still be able to, you know, be in charge. 394 00:19:02.925 --> 00:19:05.965 'cause he's personally responsible in picking the person 395 00:19:06.135 --> 00:19:08.605 who's now taking over the payment. 396 00:19:11.435 --> 00:19:14.765 Okay. Sounds, sounds very logical. 397 00:19:14.905 --> 00:19:17.725 And that would save his face somewhat if he gets 398 00:19:17.725 --> 00:19:19.765 to personally choose the person. The 399 00:19:20.185 --> 00:19:23.765 The key thing that our group talked about was, you know, 400 00:19:23.765 --> 00:19:26.245 judging from his response, you're trying 401 00:19:26.245 --> 00:19:27.685 to get in the same mindset of him 402 00:19:27.985 --> 00:19:29.285 and we're trying to get in the same mindset 403 00:19:29.345 --> 00:19:30.725 of him in the power dynamics. 404 00:19:30.725 --> 00:19:34.045 You want the suggestion to actually be something 405 00:19:34.045 --> 00:19:35.765 that would enhance his power. 406 00:19:36.065 --> 00:19:38.885 So when you go to him and then you say if you delegate it 407 00:19:38.885 --> 00:19:41.125 off to more people, then they can do more 408 00:19:41.145 --> 00:19:42.325 and then you can focus more 409 00:19:42.325 --> 00:19:43.965 of your time overlooking all of them. 410 00:19:44.025 --> 00:19:46.365 It actually gives you more control in the long term over 411 00:19:46.365 --> 00:19:48.485 more potential things that can happen 412 00:19:48.905 --> 00:19:51.805 and with the partnerships and the vendors and everything. 413 00:19:52.145 --> 00:19:53.925 So from that angle, it actually, 414 00:19:54.395 --> 00:19:57.005 your suggestion isn't something that's forcing him 415 00:19:57.005 --> 00:19:59.605 to do something in the American way that you originally did, 416 00:19:59.815 --> 00:20:01.565 which is why he rejected you initially. 417 00:20:01.985 --> 00:20:03.605 But it's something that, uh, 418 00:20:03.945 --> 00:20:06.245 it sounds like it would come from him, you know, that, 419 00:20:06.245 --> 00:20:07.365 that that would benefit him. 420 00:20:07.385 --> 00:20:09.765 That's in his mindset. So that's where the emphasis 421 00:20:09.765 --> 00:20:11.685 of Margaret came from in that recommendation. 422 00:20:12.595 --> 00:20:14.045 Okay. Sounds good. 423 00:20:14.155 --> 00:20:15.765 Yeah, we're not reducing your authority. 424 00:20:15.765 --> 00:20:18.365 We're in fact enhancing your authority by taking some 425 00:20:18.365 --> 00:20:19.645 of the burden away from you. 426 00:20:20.385 --> 00:20:22.405 Um, Erin, we 427 00:20:22.405 --> 00:20:25.525 Were, agar was thinking somewhat similarly. 428 00:20:25.745 --> 00:20:28.085 Um, you want to say that, oh, you're so important 429 00:20:28.085 --> 00:20:30.885 to the company, you have a lot of important things to do. 430 00:20:31.095 --> 00:20:32.325 Maybe you want to delegate this 431 00:20:32.545 --> 00:20:35.125 and it says that they're possibly looking to expand. 432 00:20:35.265 --> 00:20:36.685 So maybe you could talk about how 433 00:20:36.995 --> 00:20:39.525 with the extra time you could work towards the future 434 00:20:39.525 --> 00:20:41.165 of the company and expanding it. 435 00:20:41.705 --> 00:20:43.965 Um, and like bigger business 436 00:20:44.075 --> 00:20:45.925 opportunities or something like that. 437 00:20:47.345 --> 00:20:49.365 It was kind of the same thing they were saying, so, 438 00:20:49.875 --> 00:20:50.875 Okay. 439 00:20:53.035 --> 00:20:54.165 Very good. Um, 440 00:20:54.195 --> 00:20:57.165 does anybody have any supplementary comments on any 441 00:20:57.165 --> 00:20:58.205 of these recommendations? 442 00:21:01.215 --> 00:21:02.845 Blake going along with what they said, 443 00:21:02.845 --> 00:21:04.565 I think it's important to highlight his status 444 00:21:04.905 --> 00:21:07.685 and how's more important for him to do, uh, 445 00:21:08.125 --> 00:21:09.645 strategic tasks like, you know, 446 00:21:09.645 --> 00:21:12.845 being the visionary company rather than doing day 447 00:21:12.845 --> 00:21:14.365 to day administrative things. 448 00:21:14.985 --> 00:21:16.565 But definitely highlight his status 449 00:21:16.745 --> 00:21:19.005 and his wisdom when you're approaching him about that. 450 00:21:20.075 --> 00:21:23.885 Okay. So any other 451 00:21:23.965 --> 00:21:25.125 summary on recommendations? 452 00:21:27.665 --> 00:21:29.525 Pretty high. Pretty high. 453 00:21:29.525 --> 00:21:31.245 You've avoided all the common pitfalls, 454 00:21:31.665 --> 00:21:33.485 um, situation like this? 455 00:21:34.025 --> 00:21:35.925 Um, no. Nobody made the recommendation 456 00:21:35.925 --> 00:21:36.925 of going over his head, 457 00:21:36.925 --> 00:21:41.085 which would've been terrible. You 458 00:21:41.085 --> 00:21:42.085 Thought he taught us well. 459 00:21:42.995 --> 00:21:45.125 Okay. Nobody made that recommendation. That's great. 460 00:21:45.515 --> 00:21:48.485 It's the first time it hasn't happened today. 461 00:21:48.505 --> 00:21:51.045 Our students have had some practice applying cultural 462 00:21:51.045 --> 00:21:54.445 factors they've learned to assimilated case situation. 463 00:21:55.585 --> 00:21:58.245 Um, I think they did a pretty good job in identifying 464 00:21:58.245 --> 00:22:00.405 and important things to consider in working 465 00:22:00.405 --> 00:22:01.725 with an international partner. 466 00:22:02.625 --> 00:22:06.285 Um, hopefully this kind of exercise will be something 467 00:22:06.285 --> 00:22:08.245 that they can add to their overall knowledge 468 00:22:08.385 --> 00:22:11.125 and maybe be of some real benefits sometime in their future 469 00:22:11.125 --> 00:22:11.445 careers.
This four-part series explores many of the nuances that individuals working or studying in an international setting will face; an invaluable resource in today’s global economy.
Description of the video:
WEBVTT 1 00:00:04.655 --> 00:00:05.685 Hello and welcome 2 00:00:05.745 --> 00:00:08.845 to the Managing Across Diverse Population Series sponsored 3 00:00:08.845 --> 00:00:10.565 by Cyber at Indiana University. 4 00:00:11.185 --> 00:00:12.845 My name is Linda Dunn Jensen, 5 00:00:12.985 --> 00:00:15.365 and I'm a faculty member at the Kelley School of Business 6 00:00:15.545 --> 00:00:16.765 and a member of the Department 7 00:00:16.765 --> 00:00:18.325 of Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 00:00:18.725 --> 00:00:21.205 I am delighted to be your host in this four-part series. 9 00:00:21.385 --> 00:00:23.725 I'm managing across diverse populations 10 00:00:24.465 --> 00:00:26.125 as Thomas Freeman suggested, 11 00:00:26.345 --> 00:00:28.445 and we all know the world is flat. 12 00:00:28.915 --> 00:00:31.525 This means that now more than ever, the opportunities 13 00:00:31.585 --> 00:00:34.205 to do business and travel around the world is possible. 14 00:00:34.535 --> 00:00:36.565 While this offers exciting opportunities, 15 00:00:37.065 --> 00:00:39.845 it also challenges creates challenges in working with 16 00:00:39.865 --> 00:00:41.725 and managing across diverse cultures. 17 00:00:42.235 --> 00:00:44.285 It's fairly well accepted that 18 00:00:44.285 --> 00:00:46.365 with each passing day societies 19 00:00:46.465 --> 00:00:49.085 and organizations are becoming less homogeneous, 20 00:00:49.305 --> 00:00:50.685 and we will find ourselves dealing 21 00:00:50.685 --> 00:00:53.805 with cultural diversity in many more places in our lives, 22 00:00:54.315 --> 00:00:56.685 from our neighborhoods and schools to our workplaces 23 00:00:56.685 --> 00:00:57.925 and virtual communities. 24 00:00:58.185 --> 00:01:00.485 We are much more likely to interact with people 25 00:01:00.505 --> 00:01:01.965 who are different than ourselves. 26 00:01:02.475 --> 00:01:03.765 That means everyone needs 27 00:01:03.765 --> 00:01:06.085 to increase their cultural, cultural awareness. 28 00:01:06.785 --> 00:01:09.445 It is the aim of this four-part series to provide tools 29 00:01:09.465 --> 00:01:11.885 for you to begin building your cultural awareness. 30 00:01:12.725 --> 00:01:14.485 Stan Litos, are you ready? 31 00:01:14.905 --> 00:01:17.645 Before I move into today's presentation, I would like 32 00:01:17.645 --> 00:01:20.245 to briefly let you know where we are heading in this series. 33 00:01:20.835 --> 00:01:24.445 Today's presentation, part one, will provide an introduction 34 00:01:24.445 --> 00:01:25.525 to me, your host, 35 00:01:25.745 --> 00:01:26.765 and introduce the topic 36 00:01:26.785 --> 00:01:28.805 of culture in maybe a more formal manner 37 00:01:29.315 --> 00:01:31.445 once you have learned about many aspects of culture. 38 00:01:31.905 --> 00:01:34.685 In the second presentation, I'll be discussing with you 39 00:01:35.305 --> 00:01:36.765 Hof state's cultural dimensions. 40 00:01:37.515 --> 00:01:40.365 This discussion about cultural dimensions will give you a 41 00:01:40.365 --> 00:01:42.565 framework to begin to think about different aspects 42 00:01:42.565 --> 00:01:44.205 of cultures in different countries. 43 00:01:44.625 --> 00:01:47.245 In part three, we'll then move into applying 44 00:01:47.245 --> 00:01:48.405 the cultural dimensions. 45 00:01:48.955 --> 00:01:51.845 I'll be presenting several likely business interactions 46 00:01:51.845 --> 00:01:53.685 that you may face in the global workplace 47 00:01:53.905 --> 00:01:55.925 and give you some suggestions on 48 00:01:55.945 --> 00:01:59.165 how understanding Hof seed's cultural dimensions may help 49 00:01:59.165 --> 00:02:01.165 you be more effective in your interactions. 50 00:02:01.515 --> 00:02:04.005 Finally, in part four of the series, 51 00:02:04.365 --> 00:02:06.525 I will be interviewing three current Kelly students. 52 00:02:07.065 --> 00:02:09.005 Two of the students are international students 53 00:02:09.065 --> 00:02:10.725 who will be speaking about their 54 00:02:10.725 --> 00:02:12.205 experiences they have had had. 55 00:02:12.275 --> 00:02:15.925 They have had over the last year coming to the US, both 56 00:02:15.945 --> 00:02:17.045 as a student and now 57 00:02:17.045 --> 00:02:19.365 after a few months internship in a US company. 58 00:02:19.905 --> 00:02:21.605 The third student, an American, 59 00:02:21.635 --> 00:02:24.165 just returned from a four month experience in Hong Kong. 60 00:02:24.975 --> 00:02:27.565 Throughout this series, I offer this statement 61 00:02:27.565 --> 00:02:28.685 as a guiding principle. 62 00:02:28.985 --> 00:02:31.925 To be culturally effective doesn't mean you are an authority 63 00:02:31.925 --> 00:02:33.845 in the values and beliefs of culture. 64 00:02:34.395 --> 00:02:36.485 What it means is that you hold a deep respect 65 00:02:36.505 --> 00:02:39.445 for cultural differences and that you are eager to learn 66 00:02:39.545 --> 00:02:40.645 and willing to accept 67 00:02:40.645 --> 00:02:42.565 that there are many ways of viewing the world. 68 00:02:43.035 --> 00:02:45.525 When we think about culture, it can be defined 69 00:02:45.545 --> 00:02:48.285 as the unique character of a social group, the values 70 00:02:48.345 --> 00:02:49.725 and norms shared by its members 71 00:02:49.755 --> 00:02:52.245 that set it apart from other social groups. 72 00:02:52.635 --> 00:02:55.925 Broadly, it encompasses economic, social, political, 73 00:02:55.925 --> 00:02:58.725 and religious institutions. More importantly, 74 00:02:59.065 --> 00:03:00.765 It influences the way we think about 75 00:03:00.825 --> 00:03:03.925 how things work when we make observations about behaviors 76 00:03:04.225 --> 00:03:06.165 and also cause and effect relationships. 77 00:03:06.785 --> 00:03:08.205 One of your goals as you travel 78 00:03:08.265 --> 00:03:10.805 and do business with people of other cultures is 79 00:03:10.805 --> 00:03:13.205 to develop a sense of intercultural competence. 80 00:03:13.395 --> 00:03:15.045 This is your ability to understand 81 00:03:15.045 --> 00:03:18.325 and leverage the difference in cultural worldviews held 82 00:03:18.325 --> 00:03:20.805 by you and by others to create better relationships, 83 00:03:21.075 --> 00:03:22.565 improve your own performance, 84 00:03:22.785 --> 00:03:24.765 and build success for everyone involved. 85 00:03:25.865 --> 00:03:28.525 As you begin your journey in understanding other cultures, 86 00:03:28.745 --> 00:03:31.365 it may be helpful to think about culture as an iceberg. 87 00:03:31.785 --> 00:03:33.645 The portion of an iceberg which is visible 88 00:03:33.655 --> 00:03:37.125 above water is only a small piece of a much larger whole. 89 00:03:37.625 --> 00:03:40.445 You can think of culture as the observable characteristics 90 00:03:40.445 --> 00:03:44.125 of a group, be it their food, dances, music arts 91 00:03:44.185 --> 00:03:45.245 or greeting rituals. 92 00:03:45.625 --> 00:03:47.245 The reality, however, is 93 00:03:47.245 --> 00:03:49.485 that these are me an external manifestation 94 00:03:49.485 --> 00:03:52.445 of the broad components of culture, the complex ideas 95 00:03:52.545 --> 00:03:55.565 and deeply held preferences known as attitudes and values. 96 00:03:56.395 --> 00:03:59.445 Deep below the waterline are a culture's core values. 97 00:03:59.895 --> 00:04:03.045 These are primary learned ideas of what is good, right, 98 00:04:03.075 --> 00:04:06.885 desirable, and acceptable, as well as what is bad, wrong, 99 00:04:07.285 --> 00:04:08.685 undesirable, and unacceptable. 100 00:04:09.065 --> 00:04:11.965 In many cases, different cultural groups share the sim, 101 00:04:12.105 --> 00:04:15.805 the similar core values such as honesty or respect 102 00:04:15.865 --> 00:04:19.205 or family, but these are often interpreted differently in 103 00:04:19.205 --> 00:04:20.245 different situations 104 00:04:20.505 --> 00:04:24.005 and incorporated in unique ways into specific attitudes we 105 00:04:24.005 --> 00:04:25.445 apply in daily situations. 106 00:04:26.325 --> 00:04:28.685 Ultimately, these internal forces become visible 107 00:04:28.745 --> 00:04:31.245 to the casual observer in the form of observable 108 00:04:31.765 --> 00:04:34.965 behaviors such as the words we use, the ways we act, 109 00:04:35.145 --> 00:04:36.205 the laws we enact, 110 00:04:36.345 --> 00:04:38.125 and the ways we communicate with each other. 111 00:04:38.855 --> 00:04:40.925 There are many areas that make up of a culture. 112 00:04:41.395 --> 00:04:44.205 This will will start to give you some high level categories 113 00:04:44.385 --> 00:04:46.445 to start gathering more information 114 00:04:46.505 --> 00:04:49.845 and arrange your observations about the culture of a country 115 00:04:50.325 --> 00:04:51.965 that you may be visiting or working in 116 00:04:52.185 --> 00:04:53.725 or working with others from that culture. 117 00:04:54.465 --> 00:04:56.565 The first category may be economics. 118 00:04:56.875 --> 00:04:58.685 When we think about economics, 119 00:04:58.715 --> 00:05:00.005 it's really the way the people in 120 00:05:00.005 --> 00:05:01.285 that culture are making their living, 121 00:05:01.785 --> 00:05:04.165 how they form their money and their division of labor. 122 00:05:04.705 --> 00:05:06.525 The second category is religion. 123 00:05:07.075 --> 00:05:09.885 When we think about religion, there are many aspects of it. 124 00:05:10.145 --> 00:05:12.205 One may be attitudes towards the unknown. 125 00:05:12.595 --> 00:05:15.445 Some cultures have mystical beliefs and superstitions. 126 00:05:15.785 --> 00:05:18.885 Others have recognized religion and religious practices, 127 00:05:19.185 --> 00:05:21.285 and some cultures have a combination of these. 128 00:05:22.065 --> 00:05:25.565 The third category to consider is the social institutions. 129 00:05:26.075 --> 00:05:29.245 When we think about that, it's how families are organized, 130 00:05:29.545 --> 00:05:32.365 how marriage is handled, is it arranged or chosen? 131 00:05:32.915 --> 00:05:36.805 What type of family groupings happen, our rites of passages 132 00:05:37.305 --> 00:05:38.725 and the educational system. 133 00:05:39.075 --> 00:05:41.525 Basically, it's how people interact with other people. 134 00:05:42.145 --> 00:05:44.445 Or the fourth category to consider is language. 135 00:05:45.025 --> 00:05:47.845 We have verbal and nonverbal communication and cultures, 136 00:05:47.845 --> 00:05:49.485 and we have to be paying attention to that. 137 00:05:49.995 --> 00:05:52.245 When we think about the fifth category art, 138 00:05:52.625 --> 00:05:55.925 we wanna think about the music, drama, dance, 139 00:05:56.785 --> 00:05:59.605 the folklore in the culture, paintings, 140 00:05:59.635 --> 00:06:03.925 drawing different aspects of how they present their artwork. 141 00:06:04.545 --> 00:06:06.685 The sixth category is looking at 142 00:06:06.835 --> 00:06:08.085 food, clothing, and shelter. 143 00:06:08.625 --> 00:06:10.845 We wanna look at what types of food do people eat, 144 00:06:11.105 --> 00:06:13.885 how is it produced and what animals are domesticated? 145 00:06:14.475 --> 00:06:16.565 Look at the type of clothing worn in an area. 146 00:06:16.705 --> 00:06:18.325 Is it traditional or more modern? 147 00:06:18.835 --> 00:06:21.445 What about the endorsements and what type of shelter 148 00:06:21.545 --> 00:06:23.485 or dwellings do people live in and build? 149 00:06:23.985 --> 00:06:26.885 And furthermore, what type of transportation do they have? 150 00:06:27.465 --> 00:06:29.805 Our seventh category to consider is recreation. 151 00:06:30.425 --> 00:06:32.205 How do people use their leisure time 152 00:06:32.265 --> 00:06:33.565 and what games do they play? 153 00:06:34.265 --> 00:06:37.365 And our eighth category is finally looking at the government 154 00:06:37.365 --> 00:06:38.885 and authority and in 155 00:06:39.105 --> 00:06:42.005 and specifically looking at how is the society governed. 156 00:06:43.385 --> 00:06:45.845 Before we end today's presentation, I would like 157 00:06:45.845 --> 00:06:48.565 to share a personal story I had in which I was not 158 00:06:48.565 --> 00:06:50.885 as informed about a culture as maybe I should have been 159 00:06:51.705 --> 00:06:52.885 to set the stage. 160 00:06:53.155 --> 00:06:54.605 This is the Meline in front 161 00:06:54.605 --> 00:06:56.485 of the Fullerton Hotel in Singapore. 162 00:06:57.275 --> 00:06:58.325 Several years ago 163 00:06:58.325 --> 00:06:59.485 before I started at Kelly, 164 00:06:59.845 --> 00:07:02.765 I had an interview in Singapore at a university in which I 165 00:07:02.765 --> 00:07:04.045 also had a friend working there. 166 00:07:04.625 --> 00:07:06.645 In many of our discussions, she spoke about 167 00:07:06.645 --> 00:07:09.565 how Westernized Singapore was as a country. 168 00:07:10.015 --> 00:07:11.605 Given my discussion with her 169 00:07:11.745 --> 00:07:14.085 and the fact that I was arranging the travel plans at the 170 00:07:14.085 --> 00:07:16.285 end of the semester, which you know is quite busy 171 00:07:16.305 --> 00:07:19.085 for faculty members, I did not research much about 172 00:07:19.085 --> 00:07:20.125 the culture of Singapore. 173 00:07:20.845 --> 00:07:23.085 I figured the 20 plus hours on the plane would 174 00:07:23.085 --> 00:07:24.245 gimme more than enough time. 175 00:07:24.745 --> 00:07:26.365 During the planning stage of my trip, 176 00:07:26.665 --> 00:07:29.965 the admin person from the school in Singapore inquired three 177 00:07:29.965 --> 00:07:32.645 times about my dietary restrictions that I may have. 178 00:07:33.225 --> 00:07:36.165 At that time, given how busy I was, I was quite annoyed 179 00:07:36.165 --> 00:07:37.605 that she kept asking me about food. 180 00:07:37.755 --> 00:07:40.765 Finally, I just sent her an email saying I was vegetarian. 181 00:07:41.285 --> 00:07:43.125 I figured that if we're having a department lunch, 182 00:07:43.445 --> 00:07:45.365 I knew I would be much more adventurous about eating 183 00:07:45.725 --> 00:07:46.925 vegetables than other items. 184 00:07:47.635 --> 00:07:49.125 Well, to my embarrassment, 185 00:07:49.125 --> 00:07:51.605 because I was unsure why I would, 186 00:07:51.635 --> 00:07:53.085 what I would eat was so important. 187 00:07:53.435 --> 00:07:56.325 When reading my travel guide, it stated that when invited 188 00:07:56.345 --> 00:07:59.525 to dinner, your host or hostess may ask you about di dietary 189 00:07:59.525 --> 00:08:02.085 restrictions to accommodate the diverse ethnic 190 00:08:02.085 --> 00:08:04.125 and religious backgrounds of people in Singapore. 191 00:08:04.905 --> 00:08:07.885 Here's an example in which religion influences the food 192 00:08:07.905 --> 00:08:09.845 to be served and the manner in which people 193 00:08:09.845 --> 00:08:10.965 are invited to dinners. 194 00:08:11.335 --> 00:08:13.125 Maybe you have an example yourself. 195 00:08:14.055 --> 00:08:15.885 Thank you again for the opportunity to talk 196 00:08:15.885 --> 00:08:18.285 with you about managing across diverse populations. 197 00:08:18.805 --> 00:08:21.525 I would like to recap three key takeaways as you begin 198 00:08:21.525 --> 00:08:23.525 to increase your cultural effectiveness. 199 00:08:24.365 --> 00:08:26.525 Remember, culture is like an iceberg. 200 00:08:26.775 --> 00:08:29.765 While there is much to see on top of the surface, what is 201 00:08:29.765 --> 00:08:33.085 below is larger and invisible, but very influential. 202 00:08:33.975 --> 00:08:36.605 Using the wheel of culture to start to think about how 203 00:08:36.625 --> 00:08:38.205 to influence your own perspective 204 00:08:38.385 --> 00:08:41.005 and more importantly, how does it influence others from 205 00:08:41.085 --> 00:08:42.765 cultures different than your own? 206 00:08:43.705 --> 00:08:46.685 And finally, reflect about your own personal stories, 207 00:08:47.275 --> 00:08:48.805 what went well in your travels 208 00:08:48.945 --> 00:08:50.245 or your business interactions, 209 00:08:50.505 --> 00:08:51.765 and what could have gone better. 210 00:08:52.405 --> 00:08:55.205 I look forward to our next part of the series, part two, 211 00:08:55.585 --> 00:08:57.045 Hof, Steve's Cultural Dimensions. 212 00:08:57.455 --> 00:08:57.885 Thank you.