IU CIBER Focus interview series and lesson plans

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WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.476 [MUSIC PLAYING] 2 00:00:03.476 --> 00:00:30.280 3 00:00:30.280 --> 00:00:33.020 Greetings, welcome to CIBER Focus, 4 00:00:33.020 --> 00:00:35.760 your source for international business information. 5 00:00:35.760 --> 00:00:38.100 I'm your host, Christopher Rice. 6 00:00:38.100 --> 00:00:41.360 And our guest today is Dr. Djene Bajalan. 7 00:00:41.360 --> 00:00:43.760 Dr. Bajalan is an assistant professor 8 00:00:43.760 --> 00:00:47.240 of history at Missouri State University. 9 00:00:47.240 --> 00:00:50.620 He's studied and taught in Turkey, Great Britain, 10 00:00:50.620 --> 00:00:52.360 and Iraqi Kurdistan. 11 00:00:52.360 --> 00:00:55.440 He holds a PhD in Oriental Studies 12 00:00:55.440 --> 00:00:58.760 from the University of Oxford and focuses his research 13 00:00:58.760 --> 00:01:01.700 on ethno-national activism of Kurds 14 00:01:01.700 --> 00:01:04.220 during the late Ottoman Empire. 15 00:01:04.220 --> 00:01:07.860 He is currently finalizing a monography on Kurdish 16 00:01:07.860 --> 00:01:13.020 participation in Ottoman affairs leading up to World War I. 17 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:17.300 Today, Dr. Bajalan will draw on his extensive research 18 00:01:17.300 --> 00:01:21.860 into Kurdish history to discuss contemporary issues and identity 19 00:01:21.860 --> 00:01:23.483 in Kurdistan. 20 00:01:23.483 --> 00:01:25.400 Djene, thank you so much for joining us today. 21 00:01:25.400 --> 00:01:27.980 [DJENE] Thank you so much for hosting me. 22 00:01:27.980 --> 00:01:32.340 Well, to start out, Kurdistan is one of the more unique nations 23 00:01:32.340 --> 00:01:33.960 that you can see in the world. 24 00:01:33.960 --> 00:01:36.020 It's split among four different countries 25 00:01:36.020 --> 00:01:38.540 and has a significant diaspora. 26 00:01:38.540 --> 00:01:41.440 How do Kurds differ in each of these countries, 27 00:01:41.440 --> 00:01:44.620 and what do you see as the key characteristics 28 00:01:44.620 --> 00:01:47.200 of a singular Kurdish community? 29 00:01:47.200 --> 00:01:47.700 Yeah. 30 00:01:47.700 --> 00:01:51.340 OK, let me start by reversing your question, the order 31 00:01:51.340 --> 00:01:54.820 of your question and starting with what binds Kurds together. 32 00:01:54.820 --> 00:01:58.850 So I think the fundamental thing that binds Kurds together 33 00:01:58.850 --> 00:02:04.330 across the Middle East is the adherence or their sentimental 34 00:02:04.330 --> 00:02:07.050 attachment to a Kurdish identity. 35 00:02:07.050 --> 00:02:09.850 And it's important, I think, to note 36 00:02:09.850 --> 00:02:13.090 that although different Kurds in different countries 37 00:02:13.090 --> 00:02:17.290 might interpret that identity in different ways, 38 00:02:17.290 --> 00:02:22.490 they all regard themselves as being part of a singular 39 00:02:22.490 --> 00:02:26.810 community, a singular nation, with a singular history, 40 00:02:26.810 --> 00:02:29.930 and often share a very similar historical narrative 41 00:02:29.930 --> 00:02:34.330 on contemporary affairs and how things have got to the way 42 00:02:34.330 --> 00:02:35.610 they are today. 43 00:02:35.610 --> 00:02:37.170 However, I think it's also important 44 00:02:37.170 --> 00:02:41.170 that we have to emphasize the differences between the Kurdish 45 00:02:41.170 --> 00:02:44.830 communities, both within specific nation states. 46 00:02:44.830 --> 00:02:46.590 So, for example, in Iraqi Kurdistan, 47 00:02:46.590 --> 00:02:48.970 you have major political differences 48 00:02:48.970 --> 00:02:50.230 between different factions. 49 00:02:50.230 --> 00:02:53.110 You have the Kurdistan Democratic Party, 50 00:02:53.110 --> 00:02:55.470 which has been traditionally the dominant faction, 51 00:02:55.470 --> 00:02:58.070 and the opposition factions, including 52 00:02:58.070 --> 00:03:02.490 the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Movement for Change, 53 00:03:02.490 --> 00:03:03.510 the Gorran Movement. 54 00:03:03.510 --> 00:03:06.550 And all of these movements have a long history 55 00:03:06.550 --> 00:03:13.190 of rivalry and conflict between each of them. 56 00:03:13.190 --> 00:03:16.210 However, there's also another aspect of this. 57 00:03:16.210 --> 00:03:18.410 In the last 100 years, Kurds, as you noted, 58 00:03:18.410 --> 00:03:21.450 have lived in different nation states in the Middle East. 59 00:03:21.450 --> 00:03:24.310 And the Kurdish identity and the Kurdish political movement 60 00:03:24.310 --> 00:03:26.830 in each of those countries has been deeply affected 61 00:03:26.830 --> 00:03:31.190 by the specific political process in those countries. 62 00:03:31.190 --> 00:03:33.772 So Kurdish activism in Turkey is very 63 00:03:33.772 --> 00:03:36.230 different from Kurdish activism in Iraq, [CHRISTOPHER] Yes. 64 00:03:36.230 --> 00:03:40.250 [DJENE] because the history of Turkey is different from Iraq. 65 00:03:40.250 --> 00:03:43.230 The economic structures in Turkey are different from Iraq. 66 00:03:43.230 --> 00:03:48.990 The state policies towards the Kurds 67 00:03:48.990 --> 00:03:51.190 are different from Iraq or Syria or Iran. 68 00:03:51.190 --> 00:03:55.130 And the movements that have developed in those countries 69 00:03:55.130 --> 00:04:00.870 reflect the political developments in the host country 70 00:04:00.870 --> 00:04:01.670 as it were. 71 00:04:01.670 --> 00:04:03.850 So the Kurdish movements in each country 72 00:04:03.850 --> 00:04:07.550 are quite different in both their political objectives, 73 00:04:07.550 --> 00:04:08.910 their political history. 74 00:04:08.910 --> 00:04:12.570 And that difference nowadays goes down 75 00:04:12.570 --> 00:04:16.144 to the very DNA of what it is to be Kurdish 76 00:04:16.144 --> 00:04:17.269 in each of those countries. 77 00:04:17.269 --> 00:04:21.050 So, for example, in Turkey, the Kurdish language 78 00:04:21.050 --> 00:04:25.390 is a very important symbolic issue to Turkish Kurds. 79 00:04:25.390 --> 00:04:28.050 But in practice, the Kurdish movement in Turkey 80 00:04:28.050 --> 00:04:31.490 conducts most of its affairs in Turkish, 81 00:04:31.490 --> 00:04:37.070 whereas in Iraq, language is a far more important part, 82 00:04:37.070 --> 00:04:40.310 not only as a symbolic issue, but as a practical issue, 83 00:04:40.310 --> 00:04:42.850 as the Kurdish language is widely spoken and used 84 00:04:42.850 --> 00:04:47.630 not only in spoken language, but also in written language. 85 00:04:47.630 --> 00:04:50.190 And, of course, obviously, as you might expect, 86 00:04:50.190 --> 00:04:53.320 sometimes Iraqi Kurds look down on Turkish Kurds 87 00:04:53.320 --> 00:04:57.520 as being not proper Kurds because they don't usually 88 00:04:57.520 --> 00:05:00.060 speak Kurdish or their Kurdish is not good. 89 00:05:00.060 --> 00:05:02.360 On the other hand, Turkish Kurds often look down 90 00:05:02.360 --> 00:05:06.860 on Iraqi Kurds, regarding them as being socially conservative, 91 00:05:06.860 --> 00:05:09.880 reactionary, tribal, all the things which 92 00:05:09.880 --> 00:05:12.480 the Kurdish movement in Turkey has 93 00:05:12.480 --> 00:05:17.320 rejected as being part of the bad side of Kurdish history. 94 00:05:17.320 --> 00:05:18.120 Great. 95 00:05:18.120 --> 00:05:20.660 Well, branching off of our discussion on identity, 96 00:05:20.660 --> 00:05:23.680 your research predominantly focuses on Kurdish history 97 00:05:23.680 --> 00:05:26.680 before World War I. What effect do 98 00:05:26.680 --> 00:05:29.440 you see this time period having on the sense of identity 99 00:05:29.440 --> 00:05:31.480 among Kurds? 100 00:05:31.480 --> 00:05:34.320 Does being Kurdish hold different meaning now 101 00:05:34.320 --> 00:05:37.440 than it did toward the end of the Ottoman Empire? 102 00:05:37.440 --> 00:05:40.200 Well, the short answer to the question is I would say yes. 103 00:05:40.200 --> 00:05:42.880 And I think that's true of any national identity 104 00:05:42.880 --> 00:05:44.060 or any community. 105 00:05:44.060 --> 00:05:47.980 They have to be situated historically. 106 00:05:47.980 --> 00:05:50.040 So what it means to be Kurdish today 107 00:05:50.040 --> 00:05:52.940 is very different from what it means to be Kurdish 108 00:05:52.940 --> 00:05:53.840 a hundred years ago. 109 00:05:53.840 --> 00:05:54.860 And it's very different from what 110 00:05:54.860 --> 00:05:57.480 it meant to be Kurdish 50 years ago, or even 20 years ago. 111 00:05:57.480 --> 00:06:02.820 We have to always place identity within a very specific 112 00:06:02.820 --> 00:06:03.840 historical context. 113 00:06:03.840 --> 00:06:05.257 Now, that doesn't mean, of course, 114 00:06:05.257 --> 00:06:09.060 there aren't through lines between the Kurdish identity 115 00:06:09.060 --> 00:06:12.380 today and the Kurdish identity in the late Ottoman period. 116 00:06:12.380 --> 00:06:14.640 But I would probably, on balance, 117 00:06:14.640 --> 00:06:17.840 emphasize elements of change rather than continuity. 118 00:06:17.840 --> 00:06:21.700 But there are important points to note when looking 119 00:06:21.700 --> 00:06:23.440 at the late Ottoman period. 120 00:06:23.440 --> 00:06:25.020 And specifically what I mean by this 121 00:06:25.020 --> 00:06:30.420 is the late Ottoman period was the period in which 122 00:06:30.420 --> 00:06:32.500 the modern Kurdish identity, a modern Kurdish 123 00:06:32.500 --> 00:06:34.940 political activism, first took root. 124 00:06:34.940 --> 00:06:39.780 So in a historical sense, it's the period 125 00:06:39.780 --> 00:06:41.420 in which we see the first Kurdish 126 00:06:41.420 --> 00:06:45.820 newspapers, the first extensive discussions on what Kurdish 127 00:06:45.820 --> 00:06:49.980 identity is, what aspects of Kurdish culture are important, 128 00:06:49.980 --> 00:06:53.000 what the role of the Kurdish language should be. 129 00:06:53.000 --> 00:06:55.720 And so we see newspapers, associations, 130 00:06:55.720 --> 00:06:59.848 and a lively civil society debate. 131 00:06:59.848 --> 00:07:02.140 One of the problems in studying Middle Eastern history, 132 00:07:02.140 --> 00:07:03.655 and one of the weaknesses, I think, 133 00:07:03.655 --> 00:07:05.280 that Middle Eastern historians have had 134 00:07:05.280 --> 00:07:10.560 is often they ignore some of the important developments that took 135 00:07:10.560 --> 00:07:12.380 place in the late Ottoman era. 136 00:07:12.380 --> 00:07:15.300 Now, there are reasons for that. 137 00:07:15.300 --> 00:07:18.000 Specifically, the nation states that were created out 138 00:07:18.000 --> 00:07:20.360 of the ashes of the Ottoman state [CHRISTOPHER] Yes. 139 00:07:20.360 --> 00:07:24.440 [Djene] often wanted to ignore the Ottoman past, 140 00:07:24.440 --> 00:07:26.135 to denigrate the Ottoman past. 141 00:07:26.135 --> 00:07:27.760 But I think it's important to note that 142 00:07:27.760 --> 00:07:30.280 especially in the late era, especially 143 00:07:30.280 --> 00:07:33.320 in the years between 1908, the constitutional revolution 144 00:07:33.320 --> 00:07:36.000 in the Ottoman Empire, when the Ottoman Empire-- 145 00:07:36.000 --> 00:07:38.978 it didn't become a democracy, but there was relative openness, 146 00:07:38.978 --> 00:07:40.686 we have the emergence of a civil society. 147 00:07:40.686 --> 00:07:41.480 [CHRISTOPHER] Yes. 148 00:07:41.480 --> 00:07:45.300 [DJENE] And Kurds participated in that civil society, 149 00:07:45.300 --> 00:07:47.320 discussing issues of identity, how 150 00:07:47.320 --> 00:07:50.950 they should relate to the state, what problems their community 151 00:07:50.950 --> 00:07:51.508 has. 152 00:07:51.508 --> 00:07:53.550 And there are some through lines with the debates 153 00:07:53.550 --> 00:07:54.650 that we see today. 154 00:07:54.650 --> 00:07:56.690 So, for example, in the late Ottoman era, 155 00:07:56.690 --> 00:07:59.590 there were numerous debates amongst Kurdish intellectuals 156 00:07:59.590 --> 00:08:03.310 about the issue of education, economic development. 157 00:08:03.310 --> 00:08:05.110 And those are issues which are still 158 00:08:05.110 --> 00:08:07.910 very much in the minds of Kurds today. 159 00:08:07.910 --> 00:08:09.730 Often when we look at the Kurdish question, 160 00:08:09.730 --> 00:08:12.310 especially from the West, and especially 161 00:08:12.310 --> 00:08:15.070 from this journalistic superficial way 162 00:08:15.070 --> 00:08:17.990 of looking at it, we get the impression 163 00:08:17.990 --> 00:08:21.690 that it's purely an issue of statehood and the Kurds, 164 00:08:21.690 --> 00:08:24.410 whether they should have a nation state or not. 165 00:08:24.410 --> 00:08:27.570 But the Kurdish question is broader than that. 166 00:08:27.570 --> 00:08:31.110 And one of the key issues for Kurdish intellectuals 167 00:08:31.110 --> 00:08:32.890 has not only been the issue of statehood, 168 00:08:32.890 --> 00:08:35.622 but also the issue of social and economic development 169 00:08:35.622 --> 00:08:36.330 of the community. 170 00:08:36.330 --> 00:08:37.190 [CHRISTOPHER] Yeah. 171 00:08:37.190 --> 00:08:41.630 [Djene] And those issues of socioeconomic and economic 172 00:08:41.630 --> 00:08:45.270 development are perhaps the most important through line 173 00:08:45.270 --> 00:08:48.058 between the Kurdish movement in the late Ottoman Empire 174 00:08:48.058 --> 00:08:49.350 and the Kurdish movement today. 175 00:08:49.350 --> 00:08:54.970 When one reads the newspapers published after the 1908 Ottoman 176 00:08:54.970 --> 00:08:58.730 revolution-- the Kurdish newspapers that were published-- 177 00:08:58.730 --> 00:09:03.110 one cannot help but feel they have some contemporary relevance 178 00:09:03.110 --> 00:09:05.610 because many of the issues that have been discussed in those 179 00:09:05.610 --> 00:09:08.970 newspapers, for example, how do we deal with tribalism 180 00:09:08.970 --> 00:09:10.170 in our community? 181 00:09:10.170 --> 00:09:12.390 How do we get our children to be educated? 182 00:09:12.390 --> 00:09:16.610 How do we promote economic development and progress 183 00:09:16.610 --> 00:09:17.630 in our society? 184 00:09:17.630 --> 00:09:19.970 Well, those debates are still being discussed today 185 00:09:19.970 --> 00:09:24.570 amongst Kurdish political elites and the Kurdish general public 186 00:09:24.570 --> 00:09:26.370 across the Middle East. 187 00:09:26.370 --> 00:09:28.650 Well, speaking of independence, whether that 188 00:09:28.650 --> 00:09:32.170 is in statehood or in economics, Kurdish independence 189 00:09:32.170 --> 00:09:34.330 is a century-old movement, as you've 190 00:09:34.330 --> 00:09:36.090 referred to, that's recently gained 191 00:09:36.090 --> 00:09:37.930 significant traction in Iraq. 192 00:09:37.930 --> 00:09:39.910 Ultimately, it did not succeed. 193 00:09:39.910 --> 00:09:43.410 Can you talk to us about why the referendum from September 194 00:09:43.410 --> 00:09:46.560 did not succeed, and what implications this has 195 00:09:46.560 --> 00:09:48.200 regionally? 196 00:09:48.200 --> 00:09:50.320 Well, there are a number of reasons why 197 00:09:50.320 --> 00:09:55.500 the referendum didn't succeed. 198 00:09:55.500 --> 00:09:57.500 You'll often, you'll probably hear, for example, 199 00:09:57.500 --> 00:10:00.000 divisions amongst the Iraqi Kurdish 200 00:10:00.000 --> 00:10:05.120 leadership over the referendum were a factor. 201 00:10:05.120 --> 00:10:07.480 And actually that's one of the most-- 202 00:10:07.480 --> 00:10:10.020 that's an important factor that we have to look at. 203 00:10:10.020 --> 00:10:13.760 However, I think the primary reason Kurdish independence 204 00:10:13.760 --> 00:10:16.600 in Iraq was unsuccessful was because it did not 205 00:10:16.600 --> 00:10:17.866 receive international backing. 206 00:10:17.866 --> 00:10:18.699 [CHRISTOPHER] Mmhmm. 207 00:10:18.699 --> 00:10:22.000 [DJENE] If you look at the broad history of nationalist movements 208 00:10:22.000 --> 00:10:25.320 from the late 18th century to the present day, 209 00:10:25.320 --> 00:10:30.520 we see that intensity of nationalist feeling doesn't have 210 00:10:30.520 --> 00:10:33.200 a direct relationship with the success or failure 211 00:10:33.200 --> 00:10:34.340 of a nationalist movement. 212 00:10:34.340 --> 00:10:36.280 And let me give you a little example of this. 213 00:10:36.280 --> 00:10:38.680 In the late Ottoman period, perhaps 214 00:10:38.680 --> 00:10:41.280 the most active community in promot-- 215 00:10:41.280 --> 00:10:44.460 in pushing for national demands were the Armenians. 216 00:10:44.460 --> 00:10:47.520 They had the most advanced political organizations. 217 00:10:47.520 --> 00:10:50.400 They had a very well-organized diaspora network. 218 00:10:50.400 --> 00:10:52.860 There were a number of Armenian political parties. 219 00:10:52.860 --> 00:10:58.620 So if intensity of nationalist feeling and developed nature 220 00:10:58.620 --> 00:11:00.740 of nationalist organizations were 221 00:11:00.740 --> 00:11:04.620 related to the issue of gaining statehood, 222 00:11:04.620 --> 00:11:06.620 you would expect the Armenians would have gained 223 00:11:06.620 --> 00:11:08.300 statehood, which they did not. 224 00:11:08.300 --> 00:11:13.620 And so we need to break that notion that nations-- 225 00:11:13.620 --> 00:11:16.940 the more intense the national feeling is, the more successful 226 00:11:16.940 --> 00:11:17.720 the nation. 227 00:11:17.720 --> 00:11:20.280 The most important factor is foreign support. 228 00:11:20.280 --> 00:11:23.300 Even in the United States, the American Revolution 229 00:11:23.300 --> 00:11:25.460 was only successful because of the intervention 230 00:11:25.460 --> 00:11:26.660 of foreign powers. 231 00:11:26.660 --> 00:11:29.500 And if we look, for example, let's say, the independence 232 00:11:29.500 --> 00:11:31.540 of Bangladesh, it was made possible 233 00:11:31.540 --> 00:11:33.480 by Indian military intervention. 234 00:11:33.480 --> 00:11:35.980 The independence of Kosovo-- made possible 235 00:11:35.980 --> 00:11:37.400 by foreign intervention. 236 00:11:37.400 --> 00:11:41.740 So when we want to understand why the Kurds failed 237 00:11:41.740 --> 00:11:44.880 to get a state, a, a state, why the referendum 238 00:11:44.880 --> 00:11:46.720 in Iraqi Kurdistan failed, I think 239 00:11:46.720 --> 00:11:49.480 the primary factor we have to look at 240 00:11:49.480 --> 00:11:51.820 are the international conditions. 241 00:11:51.820 --> 00:11:54.440 The Iraqi Kurdish leadership took a gamble. 242 00:11:54.440 --> 00:11:58.546 They hoped to kind of-- 243 00:11:58.546 --> 00:12:01.820 basically force the Americans hand, 244 00:12:01.820 --> 00:12:03.796 say, support us or the central government. 245 00:12:03.796 --> 00:12:04.713 And the gamble failed. 246 00:12:04.713 --> 00:12:05.480 [CHRISTOPHER] Yes. 247 00:12:05.480 --> 00:12:08.720 [DJENE] So I think that's the primary reason that Kurdish 248 00:12:08.720 --> 00:12:10.140 independence failed. 249 00:12:10.140 --> 00:12:12.600 Because it's entirely possible that you 250 00:12:12.600 --> 00:12:14.900 can have a very divided nationalist movement, 251 00:12:14.900 --> 00:12:16.760 such as in South Sudan. 252 00:12:16.760 --> 00:12:17.940 They can gain independence. 253 00:12:17.940 --> 00:12:20.540 And then you have, obviously, afterwards, a failed state. 254 00:12:20.540 --> 00:12:23.560 But the initial recognition of independence 255 00:12:23.560 --> 00:12:25.840 is less to do with what's going on the ground 256 00:12:25.840 --> 00:12:30.660 and more to do with the international conditions. 257 00:12:30.660 --> 00:12:33.520 How does the Kurdish economic situation currently 258 00:12:33.520 --> 00:12:36.760 compare to other ethnic groups in the region? 259 00:12:36.760 --> 00:12:39.240 How has oppression in Kurdish regions 260 00:12:39.240 --> 00:12:42.070 affected the ability of youth to work? 261 00:12:42.070 --> 00:12:46.290 Well, I mean, the conditions in different parts of Kurdistan, 262 00:12:46.290 --> 00:12:47.750 whether we're talking about Turkey 263 00:12:47.750 --> 00:12:50.270 or whether we're talking about Syria, whether we're talking 264 00:12:50.270 --> 00:12:52.950 about Iraq, whether we're talking about Iran, 265 00:12:52.950 --> 00:12:58.590 there are specificities for each of those cases. 266 00:12:58.590 --> 00:13:03.110 So, for example, in Iraq, we've seen 267 00:13:03.110 --> 00:13:10.150 enormous, at least on paper, economic growth since 2003. 268 00:13:10.150 --> 00:13:13.750 However, much of that economic growth 269 00:13:13.750 --> 00:13:16.490 is in nonproductive sectors. 270 00:13:16.490 --> 00:13:20.430 So we see a lot of land speculation. 271 00:13:20.430 --> 00:13:24.470 We see a lot of service industries being created, 272 00:13:24.470 --> 00:13:25.950 often failing. 273 00:13:25.950 --> 00:13:31.030 We see a huge state sector as well, which sucks up a lot of, 274 00:13:31.030 --> 00:13:34.350 a lot of the revenue the Iraqi Kurdish regional government has. 275 00:13:34.350 --> 00:13:36.050 So there has been economic growth, 276 00:13:36.050 --> 00:13:38.750 but the fruits of that economic growth in Iraqi Kurdistan 277 00:13:38.750 --> 00:13:41.130 have not been well distributed. 278 00:13:41.130 --> 00:13:43.950 And there is a significant degree of anger, 279 00:13:43.950 --> 00:13:45.690 especially amongst younger people 280 00:13:45.690 --> 00:13:48.370 about their prospects for work. 281 00:13:48.370 --> 00:13:52.410 Iraqi Kurdistan, although on the surface, 282 00:13:52.410 --> 00:13:55.410 has a democratic facade. 283 00:13:55.410 --> 00:13:58.890 Ultimately, the Iraqi Kurdish government 284 00:13:58.890 --> 00:14:02.810 did not change the fundamental economic system 285 00:14:02.810 --> 00:14:04.830 that had been promoted by Saddam Hussein. 286 00:14:04.830 --> 00:14:08.290 So you have this patronage network 287 00:14:08.290 --> 00:14:10.425 which Saddam Hussein used to maintain control, 288 00:14:10.425 --> 00:14:12.950 to maintain control of the population. 289 00:14:12.950 --> 00:14:15.570 And although we've seen the political sphere 290 00:14:15.570 --> 00:14:17.910 in Iraqi Kurdistan liberalize to a certain degree, 291 00:14:17.910 --> 00:14:22.340 there are multiple parties, there are a semi-free press, 292 00:14:22.340 --> 00:14:24.090 in terms of economic structures, you still 293 00:14:24.090 --> 00:14:25.630 have that patron-client network. 294 00:14:25.630 --> 00:14:27.490 And for many young people, there's 295 00:14:27.490 --> 00:14:30.343 anger because if you don't have the right connections, 296 00:14:30.343 --> 00:14:31.510 you don't get the good jobs. 297 00:14:31.510 --> 00:14:32.343 [CHRISTOPHER] Right. 298 00:14:32.343 --> 00:14:36.490 [DJENE] And there aren't that many jobs, exciting, interesting 299 00:14:36.490 --> 00:14:39.690 jobs, for people to do. 300 00:14:39.690 --> 00:14:43.090 So there's a lot of frustration about the lack of opportunity. 301 00:14:43.090 --> 00:14:44.750 And this frustration in Iraqi Kurdistan 302 00:14:44.750 --> 00:14:46.542 is getting greater and greater because they 303 00:14:46.542 --> 00:14:49.770 see a contrast between these big skyscrapers are going up, 304 00:14:49.770 --> 00:14:52.530 but they don't seem to be feeling the benefits of that, 305 00:14:52.530 --> 00:14:56.250 or they don't feel that they have fair opportunities. 306 00:14:56.250 --> 00:14:57.933 All the good positions go to someone 307 00:14:57.933 --> 00:15:00.350 who's connected with the party or who has the right family 308 00:15:00.350 --> 00:15:01.210 connections. 309 00:15:01.210 --> 00:15:02.410 It's not meritocratic. 310 00:15:02.410 --> 00:15:05.590 And that's a big problem for Iraqi Kurdish society. 311 00:15:05.590 --> 00:15:10.250 Now, in Turkey, for example, you have a different situation. 312 00:15:10.250 --> 00:15:14.110 Turkey, since 2002, since the Justice and Development 313 00:15:14.110 --> 00:15:17.910 Party of Erdogan came to power, has seen 314 00:15:17.910 --> 00:15:20.230 some kind of economic growth. 315 00:15:20.230 --> 00:15:23.790 And you've seen the expansion of businesses 316 00:15:23.790 --> 00:15:28.590 into Turkey's Kurdish region, like national chains 317 00:15:28.590 --> 00:15:32.010 and so on and so forth, that have been developing. 318 00:15:32.010 --> 00:15:34.230 But ultimately, you still have a situation 319 00:15:34.230 --> 00:15:36.190 where on a geographical level, there 320 00:15:36.190 --> 00:15:37.940 is enormous disparity [CHRISTOPHER] Right. 321 00:15:37.940 --> 00:15:42.220 [DJENE] between Turkey's Kurdish Southeast and the more developed 322 00:15:42.220 --> 00:15:43.480 western parts of the country. 323 00:15:43.480 --> 00:15:45.340 And again, with all these young people 324 00:15:45.340 --> 00:15:48.340 who leave, either move to the big Kurdish cities 325 00:15:48.340 --> 00:15:52.060 or move to cities in the Western Anatolia, 326 00:15:52.060 --> 00:15:56.020 you have few economic opportunities and a lot 327 00:15:56.020 --> 00:16:00.198 of discontent and anger. 328 00:16:00.198 --> 00:16:02.740 Well, Djene, thank you so much for coming in to share with us 329 00:16:02.740 --> 00:16:03.200 today. 330 00:16:03.200 --> 00:16:04.075 It's been a pleasure. 331 00:16:04.075 --> 00:16:05.280 Very interesting stuff. 332 00:16:05.280 --> 00:16:07.740 Thank you so much. 333 00:16:07.740 --> 00:16:10.560 That's all for this edition of CIBER Focus. 334 00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:11.820 Thanks for tuning in. 335 00:16:11.820 --> 00:16:15.120 If you have any comments or suggestions for future topics, 336 00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:20.940 please let us know at CIBER, C-I-B-E-R, CIBER@INDIANA.EDU. 337 00:16:20.940 --> 00:16:24.290 [MUSIC PLAYING] 338 00:16:24.290 --> 00:16:36.000

Description of the video:

WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.152 [MUSIC PLAYING] 2 00:00:03.152 --> 00:00:03.213 3 00:00:03.213 --> 00:00:04.380 PAULO DELGADILLO HELMER: Hi. 4 00:00:04.380 --> 00:00:06.600 My name is Paulo Delgadillo Helmer 5 00:00:06.600 --> 00:00:11.840 and I'm a quality engineer for Dana Incorporated. 6 00:00:11.840 --> 00:00:15.600 My career is as a quality engineer for Dana Incorporated. 7 00:00:15.600 --> 00:00:19.320 I've been doing this for over five years now. 8 00:00:19.320 --> 00:00:23.460 Dana is a automotive manufacturer and supplier 9 00:00:23.460 --> 00:00:27.080 and has done this for a long time now. 10 00:00:27.080 --> 00:00:32.320 They basically do driveline components, 11 00:00:32.320 --> 00:00:37.040 such as axles, axle components, drive shaft products, 12 00:00:37.040 --> 00:00:38.180 and much more. 13 00:00:38.180 --> 00:00:40.960 14 00:00:40.960 --> 00:00:45.040 I consider myself a very systemic-oriented person. 15 00:00:45.040 --> 00:00:49.920 So I enjoy structure, I enjoy troubleshooting. 16 00:00:49.920 --> 00:00:53.660 So as my role as a quality engineer, 17 00:00:53.660 --> 00:00:58.200 I get to experience this almost on a daily basis. 18 00:00:58.200 --> 00:01:03.040 Also, it's different every day with having 19 00:01:03.040 --> 00:01:06.440 to troubleshoot different issues, whether it be out 20 00:01:06.440 --> 00:01:09.690 on the floor, whether it be a customer 21 00:01:09.690 --> 00:01:11.490 or issue with the customer. 22 00:01:11.490 --> 00:01:18.610 So overall, I enjoy the whole experience of troubleshooting, 23 00:01:18.610 --> 00:01:21.090 of dealing with the customer, but also ensuring 24 00:01:21.090 --> 00:01:24.490 that the manufacturing processes that we put in place 25 00:01:24.490 --> 00:01:31.970 are being followed based on a specific procedure or norm. 26 00:01:31.970 --> 00:01:35.210 My career certainly has a global component. 27 00:01:35.210 --> 00:01:39.750 In fact, Dana is located worldwide. 28 00:01:39.750 --> 00:01:44.930 We got locations in the US. 29 00:01:44.930 --> 00:01:49.810 We have locations in Europe, Asia, South America. 30 00:01:49.810 --> 00:01:52.770 So we got manufacturing plants, we 31 00:01:52.770 --> 00:01:56.730 got assembly plants, distribution centers. 32 00:01:56.730 --> 00:02:00.530 So for example, I had the opportunity 33 00:02:00.530 --> 00:02:03.290 to travel to Mexico just a couple of years 34 00:02:03.290 --> 00:02:11.130 ago to do some translation work with my Dana team there, 35 00:02:11.130 --> 00:02:15.380 doing some benchmarking, helping them troubleshoot 36 00:02:15.380 --> 00:02:17.500 some of their own issues. 37 00:02:17.500 --> 00:02:19.900 It was certainly a great experience. 38 00:02:19.900 --> 00:02:23.420 I will say some of my linguistic skills too played 39 00:02:23.420 --> 00:02:27.580 a big role there helping the entire team. 40 00:02:27.580 --> 00:02:32.740 So just like that, previous jobs too, 41 00:02:32.740 --> 00:02:36.500 I had the opportunity to travel around the world, more 42 00:02:36.500 --> 00:02:39.620 specific to Germany and France, also 43 00:02:39.620 --> 00:02:41.400 doing some translation work. 44 00:02:41.400 --> 00:02:45.500 So it's traveling around the world 45 00:02:45.500 --> 00:02:48.540 and picking eventually a job that 46 00:02:48.540 --> 00:02:54.340 allowed me to do that or have that experience, that ability 47 00:02:54.340 --> 00:02:58.380 played a big role when deciding which career to pick. 48 00:02:58.380 --> 00:03:02.780 So I will say Dana does allow for that 49 00:03:02.780 --> 00:03:06.000 and does play a big role and globally. 50 00:03:06.000 --> 00:03:08.980 51 00:03:08.980 --> 00:03:12.860 The multicultural skills I use for this position 52 00:03:12.860 --> 00:03:20.510 and more so in the, or beyond what this position requires 53 00:03:20.510 --> 00:03:27.470 originates from the languages I know. 54 00:03:27.470 --> 00:03:31.550 I should mention I'm originally from Bolivia where Spanish 55 00:03:31.550 --> 00:03:34.870 is the primary language. 56 00:03:34.870 --> 00:03:40.230 But I also grew knowing Portuguese because of my mother, 57 00:03:40.230 --> 00:03:41.830 which is from Brazil. 58 00:03:41.830 --> 00:03:45.990 And those two languages, and obviously English, 59 00:03:45.990 --> 00:03:52.550 allows me to communicate and use these at work 60 00:03:52.550 --> 00:03:54.710 in a different manner. 61 00:03:54.710 --> 00:03:58.410 As I mentioned before, we got locations around the world. 62 00:03:58.410 --> 00:04:03.990 So being able to know Portuguese, Spanish, and English 63 00:04:03.990 --> 00:04:07.550 obviously has allowed me to communicate effectively 64 00:04:07.550 --> 00:04:12.410 with our customers around the world 65 00:04:12.410 --> 00:04:16.850 and just being able to work with them at a different level, 66 00:04:16.850 --> 00:04:21.550 connect to them, with them at a different level, travel places. 67 00:04:21.550 --> 00:04:30.270 So it's a big factor when we speak about communication, 68 00:04:30.270 --> 00:04:34.810 when we speak about working in projects together. 69 00:04:34.810 --> 00:04:39.430 It's definitely a useful tool, if you will. 70 00:04:39.430 --> 00:04:42.610 71 00:04:42.610 --> 00:04:48.130 As a supervisor, I would encourage every future employee 72 00:04:48.130 --> 00:04:52.530 to have had the experience to travel 73 00:04:52.530 --> 00:04:56.650 or if traveling is not an option, to have 74 00:04:56.650 --> 00:05:00.530 a-- study other cultures just because I've personally 75 00:05:00.530 --> 00:05:05.190 seen the value in understanding other cultures, 76 00:05:05.190 --> 00:05:08.990 seeing how they go about resolving certain things, 77 00:05:08.990 --> 00:05:11.310 how they react. 78 00:05:11.310 --> 00:05:13.890 79 00:05:13.890 --> 00:05:16.730 In today's world, lots of businesses 80 00:05:16.730 --> 00:05:20.860 are becoming more and more global. 81 00:05:20.860 --> 00:05:25.450 And I think every company strives to expand, 82 00:05:25.450 --> 00:05:27.330 which means become more global. 83 00:05:27.330 --> 00:05:32.420 And with that said, it becomes very valuable for you 84 00:05:32.420 --> 00:05:37.600 to have an experience other cultures, 85 00:05:37.600 --> 00:05:40.280 become open-minded to other ideas. 86 00:05:40.280 --> 00:05:42.000 And so I think traveling does that. 87 00:05:42.000 --> 00:05:45.900 And if traveling is not an option, studying other cultures 88 00:05:45.900 --> 00:05:46.440 too. 89 00:05:46.440 --> 00:05:49.060 And why not other languages? 90 00:05:49.060 --> 00:05:51.300 Just being equipped with all that 91 00:05:51.300 --> 00:05:54.320 makes you a more valuable employee. 92 00:05:54.320 --> 00:05:57.100 93 00:05:57.100 --> 00:06:00.840 The advice I would have for students entering this career, 94 00:06:00.840 --> 00:06:04.220 particularly the quality assurance field 95 00:06:04.220 --> 00:06:07.940 or the automotive industry, manufacturing, in general, 96 00:06:07.940 --> 00:06:10.620 is to be open-minded. 97 00:06:10.620 --> 00:06:14.820 The automotive industry is a fast-growing and evolving 98 00:06:14.820 --> 00:06:15.860 industry. 99 00:06:15.860 --> 00:06:18.000 So be open-minded. 100 00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:20.280 Be ready for adaptations. 101 00:06:20.280 --> 00:06:25.660 Be ready to learn new skills, such as different languages. 102 00:06:25.660 --> 00:06:31.220 Just seek to improve yourself. 103 00:06:31.220 --> 00:06:32.900 Seek to learn new things. 104 00:06:32.900 --> 00:06:39.050 And grow both personally and professionally.

Description of the video:

WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.720 2 00:00:05.720 --> 00:00:07.700 [CYNTHIA BUCKLEY] As Emily so eloquently said, 3 00:00:07.700 --> 00:00:09.908 I'd like to welcome you to this wonderful conference. 4 00:00:09.908 --> 00:00:11.760 And I'd also like to congratulate the units 5 00:00:11.760 --> 00:00:13.380 at Indiana. 6 00:00:13.380 --> 00:00:14.733 First of all, for cooperating. 7 00:00:14.733 --> 00:00:16.400 Those of us who've worked in the Academy 8 00:00:16.400 --> 00:00:18.400 know that to pull that many centers together 9 00:00:18.400 --> 00:00:20.960 is a lot like herding cats. 10 00:00:20.960 --> 00:00:23.880 And secondly, because it's so topical 11 00:00:23.880 --> 00:00:25.255 and it gives us an amazing chance 12 00:00:25.255 --> 00:00:27.047 to do something [door closes in background] 13 00:00:27.047 --> 00:00:28.640 really interesting, intellectually 14 00:00:28.640 --> 00:00:30.790 engaging and meaningful on a day with that 15 00:00:30.790 --> 00:00:33.040 [heels clicking on the floor in background] many of us 16 00:00:33.040 --> 00:00:36.080 may find challenging for other reasons. 17 00:00:36.080 --> 00:00:39.040 So it's good that you're here instead of watching CNN. 18 00:00:39.040 --> 00:00:40.740 Put it out of your mind, Francis. 19 00:00:40.740 --> 00:00:43.720 [FRANCIS] It's very hard. 20 00:00:43.720 --> 00:00:44.840 But you're right. 21 00:00:44.840 --> 00:00:47.200 So it's better to do something productive. 22 00:00:47.200 --> 00:00:49.820 OK, so migration and sustainability. 23 00:00:49.820 --> 00:00:52.920 This was a wonderful idea on Indiana's part 24 00:00:52.920 --> 00:00:56.340 to focus discussions on migration and sustainability. 25 00:00:56.340 --> 00:00:58.920 They brought together a collection of amazing papers 26 00:00:58.920 --> 00:01:01.320 that give us a global scope, everything 27 00:01:01.320 --> 00:01:05.250 from Burma to Central Asia to Muslims in Europe. 28 00:01:05.250 --> 00:01:08.050 It brings in and opens up amazing opportunities 29 00:01:08.050 --> 00:01:10.530 for comparative perspectives on migration. 30 00:01:10.530 --> 00:01:15.530 Migration is a specific action that an individual actor takes, 31 00:01:15.530 --> 00:01:17.690 and they experience it individually. 32 00:01:17.690 --> 00:01:19.790 It is seen through the prism of their gender, 33 00:01:19.790 --> 00:01:21.790 through their ethnicity, through their language, 34 00:01:21.790 --> 00:01:24.290 through their culture, their sending state, their receiving 35 00:01:24.290 --> 00:01:24.990 state. 36 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:26.710 It's an individual process. 37 00:01:26.710 --> 00:01:28.270 It's a family process. 38 00:01:28.270 --> 00:01:31.210 But in culmination, it is a national process 39 00:01:31.210 --> 00:01:32.810 and a global process. 40 00:01:32.810 --> 00:01:36.850 How long the global system of migration as we see it today 41 00:01:36.850 --> 00:01:39.990 will sustain itself is in question, 42 00:01:39.990 --> 00:01:41.510 particularly demographically. 43 00:01:41.510 --> 00:01:42.610 And I'll get to that at the end [thump on table in background] 44 00:01:42.610 --> 00:01:45.450 of my comments, which, trust me, will be brief. 45 00:01:45.450 --> 00:01:49.090 It's not just in terms of comparing 46 00:01:49.090 --> 00:01:51.010 how individuals experience migration 47 00:01:51.010 --> 00:01:53.230 or how states experience migration, 48 00:01:53.230 --> 00:01:55.930 but also to compare on the levels at which we 49 00:01:55.930 --> 00:01:57.530 analyze migration. 50 00:01:57.530 --> 00:01:59.290 Are we looking at it at the familial 51 00:01:59.290 --> 00:02:01.790 or the individual level, how people assimilate, 52 00:02:01.790 --> 00:02:03.900 how families make their way. 53 00:02:03.900 --> 00:02:05.700 Or are we really thinking about this 54 00:02:05.700 --> 00:02:08.520 at the level of communities, how people integrate 55 00:02:08.520 --> 00:02:10.500 people who are different, or people 56 00:02:10.500 --> 00:02:14.700 who challenge their ideas of citizenship or equity. 57 00:02:14.700 --> 00:02:17.980 How states deal with ideas of human rights, 58 00:02:17.980 --> 00:02:23.860 how states deal with openness or closedness in their society, 59 00:02:23.860 --> 00:02:25.525 and also the way in which migrants 60 00:02:25.525 --> 00:02:26.900 [coughing in background] and they 61 00:02:26.900 --> 00:02:29.980 forced migrants or economic migrants, 62 00:02:29.980 --> 00:02:34.060 if those categories mean anything in today's world. 63 00:02:34.060 --> 00:02:37.900 Are they simply our new scapegoat in the global economy? 64 00:02:37.900 --> 00:02:41.580 The targeting, shall we say, of nationalist populism that's 65 00:02:41.580 --> 00:02:44.900 arising across the globe to be somehow 66 00:02:44.900 --> 00:02:46.680 the harbingers, the new threat. 67 00:02:46.680 --> 00:02:48.420 Are they indeed to think, to borrow 68 00:02:48.420 --> 00:02:52.220 a term from the [INAUDIBLE], the New Outsiders in the world? 69 00:02:52.220 --> 00:02:54.500 So we have a lot to cover today, and we're 70 00:02:54.500 --> 00:02:57.500 going to cover issues about migration systems. 71 00:02:57.500 --> 00:03:00.540 Are they resilient or are they reforming? 72 00:03:00.540 --> 00:03:02.940 The globe right now is divided still 73 00:03:02.940 --> 00:03:06.630 in those sorts of large-scale migration systems 74 00:03:06.630 --> 00:03:10.110 that Doug Massey and colleagues had talked about decades ago. 75 00:03:10.110 --> 00:03:12.510 We have the North American migration system. 76 00:03:12.510 --> 00:03:14.270 We've got the Gulf system. 77 00:03:14.270 --> 00:03:18.030 We've got specific sending countries 78 00:03:18.030 --> 00:03:22.410 that tend to send to a specific set of destination countries. 79 00:03:22.410 --> 00:03:25.470 My area of expertise, in an area that 80 00:03:25.470 --> 00:03:29.990 has numerous experts here on the Indiana campus, is Eurasia. 81 00:03:29.990 --> 00:03:32.630 The fact that the former Soviet Union continues 82 00:03:32.630 --> 00:03:34.630 to send millions of labor migrants 83 00:03:34.630 --> 00:03:38.510 into the Russian Federation, for now, in a situation 84 00:03:38.510 --> 00:03:40.830 that for any American that's strikingly 85 00:03:40.830 --> 00:03:43.790 familiar in terms of scapegoating and also 86 00:03:43.790 --> 00:03:45.510 the economic impact. 87 00:03:45.510 --> 00:03:49.510 So what will happen with migration systems? 88 00:03:49.510 --> 00:03:52.370 We think of them as really resilient, right? 89 00:03:52.370 --> 00:03:54.670 These are pathways, well-tread pathways 90 00:03:54.670 --> 00:03:56.150 that people will follow. 91 00:03:56.150 --> 00:03:57.830 But are they reforming? 92 00:03:57.830 --> 00:04:00.430 There's two countries that I think give us really interesting 93 00:04:00.430 --> 00:04:01.930 insight to that question. 94 00:04:01.930 --> 00:04:04.030 One is a key place, it's Georgia. 95 00:04:04.030 --> 00:04:08.070 Georgia often sent all their labor migrants up into Russia. 96 00:04:08.070 --> 00:04:10.910 It doesn't take an expert in Soviet studies 97 00:04:10.910 --> 00:04:15.310 to tell you that pathway became closed very [door closes] 98 00:04:15.310 --> 00:04:18.290 quickly in the mid-2000s. 99 00:04:18.290 --> 00:04:21.149 Georgia now sees-- has not ceased 100 00:04:21.149 --> 00:04:23.030 to send labor migrants just because they 101 00:04:23.030 --> 00:04:26.430 can't get into Russia, they can't get into Turkey. 102 00:04:26.430 --> 00:04:29.770 They will find ways to get into other European countries. 103 00:04:29.770 --> 00:04:33.790 And so maybe Georgia will start a different migration system 104 00:04:33.790 --> 00:04:36.190 flow that a different set of pathways 105 00:04:36.190 --> 00:04:39.030 that others from the Caucasus or indeed Central Asia 106 00:04:39.030 --> 00:04:40.830 may well follow. 107 00:04:40.830 --> 00:04:43.490 The second one is Peru and is part of Latin America. 108 00:04:43.490 --> 00:04:44.950 We think they're ours. 109 00:04:44.950 --> 00:04:49.390 It's a North American migration system, but it also isn't. 110 00:04:49.390 --> 00:04:53.130 In Peru, in a recent dissertation that I supervised, 111 00:04:53.130 --> 00:04:55.590 there are now three nursing schools 112 00:04:55.590 --> 00:04:59.030 that are run by the government of Italy. 113 00:04:59.030 --> 00:05:01.870 You go to nursing school in Italian, 114 00:05:01.870 --> 00:05:05.470 you pass your nursing boards for Italy, 115 00:05:05.470 --> 00:05:08.120 and as soon as you graduate, you get a work visa 116 00:05:08.120 --> 00:05:11.840 to go to Italy to work. 117 00:05:11.840 --> 00:05:14.160 Migration systems are reforming and how 118 00:05:14.160 --> 00:05:17.360 they will reform in the future will have major implications 119 00:05:17.360 --> 00:05:20.600 to how countries compete for migrants. 120 00:05:20.600 --> 00:05:22.120 We think of migrants as something 121 00:05:22.120 --> 00:05:24.080 we need to build a wall to keep out. 122 00:05:24.080 --> 00:05:27.640 But in the coming decades, as developed countries continue 123 00:05:27.640 --> 00:05:30.480 to age, as the number of new labor market entrants 124 00:05:30.480 --> 00:05:33.880 continue to decline, and the needs for basic services 125 00:05:33.880 --> 00:05:38.840 increase, we may well see huge shifts in migration systems 126 00:05:38.840 --> 00:05:41.360 as they reform and as we start to have 127 00:05:41.360 --> 00:05:43.900 to compete for migration. 128 00:05:43.900 --> 00:05:47.160 So a completely different picture than the one perhaps 129 00:05:47.160 --> 00:05:49.617 being painted today in Washington. 130 00:05:49.617 --> 00:05:52.200 We're also going to think about migration and the environment, 131 00:05:52.200 --> 00:05:54.500 and migration and sustainability. 132 00:05:54.500 --> 00:05:56.880 And I think that this is a really forward-looking topic 133 00:05:56.880 --> 00:05:58.240 as well. 134 00:05:58.240 --> 00:06:02.060 Migration and the environment is the emerging topic. 135 00:06:02.060 --> 00:06:04.720 And so I see a lot of young faces. 136 00:06:04.720 --> 00:06:06.980 Actually, most of you look young from my perspective, 137 00:06:06.980 --> 00:06:09.190 but many of you are remarkably younger. 138 00:06:09.190 --> 00:06:13.190 [LAUGHS] OK, remarkably younger than others. 139 00:06:13.190 --> 00:06:15.798 And so as you're thinking about migration as a topic, 140 00:06:15.798 --> 00:06:18.090 I want to really encourage you to think about migration 141 00:06:18.090 --> 00:06:19.230 and the environment. 142 00:06:19.230 --> 00:06:22.250 Because as we look forward, it's the environment that's 143 00:06:22.250 --> 00:06:26.850 going to be driving new and threatening mass migration 144 00:06:26.850 --> 00:06:27.650 streams. 145 00:06:27.650 --> 00:06:32.290 This is related to declines in water precipitation, 146 00:06:32.290 --> 00:06:36.550 generating enormous migration out of areas, 147 00:06:36.550 --> 00:06:38.210 including Central Asia. 148 00:06:38.210 --> 00:06:40.930 In the central regions of Uzbekistan, 149 00:06:40.930 --> 00:06:43.970 crop production has declined 20%. 150 00:06:43.970 --> 00:06:48.530 Water precipitation has declined about 20% 151 00:06:48.530 --> 00:06:50.630 over the last five decades. 152 00:06:50.630 --> 00:06:52.090 People are moving out. 153 00:06:52.090 --> 00:06:54.070 Those people are moving into the cities. 154 00:06:54.070 --> 00:06:55.610 That encourages people in the cities 155 00:06:55.610 --> 00:06:57.490 to consider going to Russia. 156 00:06:57.490 --> 00:07:00.130 This is what's going to be driving migration. 157 00:07:00.130 --> 00:07:03.330 And when we remember that global warming is a fact, 158 00:07:03.330 --> 00:07:06.470 and I'm a former professor at the University of Texas, 159 00:07:06.470 --> 00:07:08.680 even Rick Perry admitted this the other day, 160 00:07:08.680 --> 00:07:10.340 which is quite shocking. 161 00:07:10.340 --> 00:07:13.820 I almost dropped my teeth. 162 00:07:13.820 --> 00:07:17.140 Global warming is a fact, but the vast majority of the globe's 163 00:07:17.140 --> 00:07:18.980 population lives where? 164 00:07:18.980 --> 00:07:20.340 Along the coast. 165 00:07:20.340 --> 00:07:24.660 All we need are very small increases in water level 166 00:07:24.660 --> 00:07:28.840 to make places uninhabitable and to drive new migration. 167 00:07:28.840 --> 00:07:32.360 So migration in the environment is a great area to get into, 168 00:07:32.360 --> 00:07:34.940 and certainly it affects both sending and receiving states 169 00:07:34.940 --> 00:07:37.340 across the globe. 170 00:07:37.340 --> 00:07:39.760 We're going to talk about migration in context. 171 00:07:39.760 --> 00:07:41.220 And here I'm going to take a page 172 00:07:41.220 --> 00:07:43.180 from my colleague, Professor Farmer, 173 00:07:43.180 --> 00:07:45.760 and borrow shamelessly from public health. 174 00:07:45.760 --> 00:07:48.000 As a demographer, we kind of swing both ways. 175 00:07:48.000 --> 00:07:51.660 So I'm going to pull that in and invite us all to consider things 176 00:07:51.660 --> 00:07:54.060 about migration behavior, which is something 177 00:07:54.060 --> 00:07:56.220 that we've always focused on. 178 00:07:56.220 --> 00:07:57.800 Migrants are risk takers. 179 00:07:57.800 --> 00:07:58.440 They are young. 180 00:07:58.440 --> 00:07:59.680 They have human capital. 181 00:07:59.680 --> 00:08:03.460 They are going to benefit from moving to a new and more 182 00:08:03.460 --> 00:08:06.100 profitable economic situation. 183 00:08:06.100 --> 00:08:08.620 What are the attributes of an individual that make them 184 00:08:08.620 --> 00:08:11.750 more or less likely to migrate? 185 00:08:11.750 --> 00:08:13.810 And they are positively selected. 186 00:08:13.810 --> 00:08:19.310 So they innately benefit receiving societies. 187 00:08:19.310 --> 00:08:22.170 We know a bit about migration behavior, 188 00:08:22.170 --> 00:08:24.270 although that's a rich area for research. 189 00:08:24.270 --> 00:08:27.610 But what we have not yet really articulated well 190 00:08:27.610 --> 00:08:30.390 I think, as a group of interdisciplinary scholars 191 00:08:30.390 --> 00:08:33.850 looking at migration, is migration context. 192 00:08:33.850 --> 00:08:36.070 And that's the context at sending states 193 00:08:36.070 --> 00:08:39.230 that helps push people out, either 194 00:08:39.230 --> 00:08:41.710 due to a lack of economic opportunity, 195 00:08:41.710 --> 00:08:46.830 intensive political oppression, specific discrimination 196 00:08:46.830 --> 00:08:52.070 policies, or whether it's the context of people welcoming them 197 00:08:52.070 --> 00:08:55.910 or in some cases, not welcoming them in. 198 00:08:55.910 --> 00:09:02.750 When Tajik newspapers have a special section on the diaspora, 199 00:09:02.750 --> 00:09:06.910 and the lead story tends to focus on the number of killings 200 00:09:06.910 --> 00:09:11.400 and beatings of migrant workers in the Russian Federation, 201 00:09:11.400 --> 00:09:14.400 that changes the migration context. 202 00:09:14.400 --> 00:09:16.160 And we're starting to see that that 203 00:09:16.160 --> 00:09:19.960 feeds into this idea of reformation of migration systems 204 00:09:19.960 --> 00:09:23.540 and reconsideration of destinations. 205 00:09:23.540 --> 00:09:26.480 And so I want to encourage us, as we 206 00:09:26.480 --> 00:09:28.580 listen to these spectacular papers, 207 00:09:28.580 --> 00:09:30.560 to really think about migration context 208 00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:32.560 and what are those structural things that 209 00:09:32.560 --> 00:09:34.240 are pushing people out. 210 00:09:34.240 --> 00:09:36.840 In essence, this all goes back to the key joke we all 211 00:09:36.840 --> 00:09:38.600 know about social science. 212 00:09:38.600 --> 00:09:41.640 And that's somebody who did a BA and MA in Economics 213 00:09:41.640 --> 00:09:44.440 and earned a PhD in Demography. 214 00:09:44.440 --> 00:09:46.420 I'm on both sides of the fence. 215 00:09:46.420 --> 00:09:49.100 Economists study how people make choices. 216 00:09:49.100 --> 00:09:50.960 That's our migration behavior. 217 00:09:50.960 --> 00:09:52.520 Now I'm in a sociology department 218 00:09:52.520 --> 00:09:54.620 and we study how people have no choice. 219 00:09:54.620 --> 00:09:56.480 And that's migration context. 220 00:09:56.480 --> 00:09:59.000 And so I want us to think about both of those two things 221 00:09:59.000 --> 00:10:01.240 as we go forward. 222 00:10:01.240 --> 00:10:04.040 We're going to look at sending and receiving processes. 223 00:10:04.040 --> 00:10:08.240 We're going to look at ideas about who migrates in gender, 224 00:10:08.240 --> 00:10:12.200 age, the implication of different types of migration, 225 00:10:12.200 --> 00:10:16.720 and also migrant selectivity, which we know very little about. 226 00:10:16.720 --> 00:10:21.000 Now, in one of the seminal books written about forced migration, 227 00:10:21.000 --> 00:10:24.320 Francis and Deng argued that forced migrants 228 00:10:24.320 --> 00:10:29.160 tend to be comprised of the elderly and women, 229 00:10:29.160 --> 00:10:32.640 disproportionate numbers of children. 230 00:10:32.640 --> 00:10:34.460 Where did they get that information? 231 00:10:34.460 --> 00:10:36.680 As a consultant for UNHCR, I can tell you 232 00:10:36.680 --> 00:10:38.520 where they got this information. 233 00:10:38.520 --> 00:10:40.520 You go to a migrant refugee camp, 234 00:10:40.520 --> 00:10:43.260 you open up the registration desk, 235 00:10:43.260 --> 00:10:44.980 and people come and register. 236 00:10:44.980 --> 00:10:46.840 And who comes to register? 237 00:10:46.840 --> 00:10:49.240 The elderly who need medical care, 238 00:10:49.240 --> 00:10:52.720 women who are trying to provide for their families 239 00:10:52.720 --> 00:10:56.180 and whose time is, to be blunt, not valued. 240 00:10:56.180 --> 00:10:58.800 So it's OK for them to wait in line all day, 241 00:10:58.800 --> 00:11:02.360 and children who want to go to school. 242 00:11:02.360 --> 00:11:11.800 If, for example, we opened a free ticket giveaway booth 243 00:11:11.800 --> 00:11:16.010 on campus for-- 244 00:11:16.010 --> 00:11:17.070 Oh, I don't know. 245 00:11:17.070 --> 00:11:19.010 Let's say Toby Keith. 246 00:11:19.010 --> 00:11:23.770 Would we get a random sample of the Indiana student body? 247 00:11:23.770 --> 00:11:25.250 Probably not. 248 00:11:25.250 --> 00:11:28.650 And to assume that that's what the selectivity characteristics 249 00:11:28.650 --> 00:11:30.430 are is really quite dangerous. 250 00:11:30.430 --> 00:11:32.450 This is what ends up happening, it's then 251 00:11:32.450 --> 00:11:37.890 you start to get people talking about pictures of refugees 252 00:11:37.890 --> 00:11:40.610 trying to flee war torn areas like Syria 253 00:11:40.610 --> 00:11:42.190 and say, well, there's none there. 254 00:11:42.190 --> 00:11:44.510 Those can't be forced migrants, right? 255 00:11:44.510 --> 00:11:46.330 Those must be economic migrants. 256 00:11:46.330 --> 00:11:48.770 What we do know and what we don't know 257 00:11:48.770 --> 00:11:52.610 is something not to hide, but rather to celebrate and to think 258 00:11:52.610 --> 00:11:57.550 about how lots of areas may be well researched. 259 00:11:57.550 --> 00:11:59.270 But for young researchers in the room, 260 00:11:59.270 --> 00:12:01.450 migration is still a green field. 261 00:12:01.450 --> 00:12:04.770 We still have a lot that we don't know 262 00:12:04.770 --> 00:12:09.210 and questioning that could make a really great career. 263 00:12:09.210 --> 00:12:14.140 So three big things, I think, that really come out 264 00:12:14.140 --> 00:12:20.500 of all of the papers are this idea of categorization, right? 265 00:12:20.500 --> 00:12:21.740 Who's a forced migrant? 266 00:12:21.740 --> 00:12:23.420 Who's an economic migrant? 267 00:12:23.420 --> 00:12:25.860 As Paul Farmer introduced decades back, 268 00:12:25.860 --> 00:12:29.980 to think about poverty as an element of structural violence. 269 00:12:29.980 --> 00:12:38.220 Is poverty generating economic migrants or forced migrants? 270 00:12:38.220 --> 00:12:42.700 We live in a society where many people live at a very low income 271 00:12:42.700 --> 00:12:47.260 level, where they are vulnerable to climatic variation, 272 00:12:47.260 --> 00:12:50.900 to very small economic shocks that 273 00:12:50.900 --> 00:12:52.700 can make their lives unsustainable 274 00:12:52.700 --> 00:12:54.860 and flank them to migrate. 275 00:12:54.860 --> 00:12:59.140 Does that make them economic migrants or forced migrants? 276 00:12:59.140 --> 00:13:04.180 In the 1950s, when the UN created the categories 277 00:13:04.180 --> 00:13:07.460 of refugee, we lived in a very different world. 278 00:13:07.460 --> 00:13:12.580 In 2017, those categorizations may need to be troubled. 279 00:13:12.580 --> 00:13:14.870 And I think we have some excellent discussions ahead 280 00:13:14.870 --> 00:13:18.550 of us today that will help us along that realm. 281 00:13:18.550 --> 00:13:21.010 But in addition to the classification, 282 00:13:21.010 --> 00:13:24.310 I think we also have to think about the function of migration 283 00:13:24.310 --> 00:13:25.870 in the global society. 284 00:13:25.870 --> 00:13:27.903 In Russian, I love to ask this question 285 00:13:27.903 --> 00:13:30.570 because they're always like, oh, we need a new migration policy. 286 00:13:30.570 --> 00:13:31.890 We need this, we need that. 287 00:13:31.890 --> 00:13:35.710 My answer is always, [NON-ENGLISH SPEECH] Who does it 288 00:13:35.710 --> 00:13:38.190 benefit? 289 00:13:38.190 --> 00:13:42.890 Migration globally right now benefits specific state actors. 290 00:13:42.890 --> 00:13:46.670 It benefits specific economic actors. 291 00:13:46.670 --> 00:13:50.870 It doesn't always benefit specific migration actors. 292 00:13:50.870 --> 00:13:52.910 But there are entrenched interests 293 00:13:52.910 --> 00:13:56.390 to keep migration both visible and invisible, 294 00:13:56.390 --> 00:13:58.950 both at sending states and destinations, 295 00:13:58.950 --> 00:14:02.770 but also among specific actors in the global economy. 296 00:14:02.770 --> 00:14:05.590 And to really think about what the function of migration is, 297 00:14:05.590 --> 00:14:10.670 is really critical if we're going to enact useful migration 298 00:14:10.670 --> 00:14:13.750 policy, because if we don't understand 299 00:14:13.750 --> 00:14:17.240 the intentions of actors, it's extraordinarily difficult 300 00:14:17.240 --> 00:14:21.040 to legislate better behavior. 301 00:14:21.040 --> 00:14:24.000 The third big thing I want to introduce 302 00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:26.720 that is going to be covered by our amazing panelists 303 00:14:26.720 --> 00:14:29.160 is that of time. 304 00:14:29.160 --> 00:14:31.960 I appreciate your time in coming today, 305 00:14:31.960 --> 00:14:34.240 but we also need to encourage us to think 306 00:14:34.240 --> 00:14:35.940 about migration and time. 307 00:14:35.940 --> 00:14:38.600 Both forced migration and economic migration, 308 00:14:38.600 --> 00:14:43.760 stepwise migration, that is, duration functioning 309 00:14:43.760 --> 00:14:48.260 as in terms of economic integration, social integration. 310 00:14:48.260 --> 00:14:50.920 How do people think about duration? 311 00:14:50.920 --> 00:14:54.620 Most of the models from the 1960s, I was-- for some of you, 312 00:14:54.620 --> 00:14:56.100 that is ancient history. 313 00:14:56.100 --> 00:14:57.800 Some of us, it is not. 314 00:14:57.800 --> 00:14:59.520 But most of those migration models 315 00:14:59.520 --> 00:15:01.160 really were thinking about people 316 00:15:01.160 --> 00:15:03.580 who pick up from one country, move to another, 317 00:15:03.580 --> 00:15:06.040 integrate, live there for the rest of their lives. 318 00:15:06.040 --> 00:15:10.080 That is not the reality of global migration now. 319 00:15:10.080 --> 00:15:12.260 We're looking at temporary migration. 320 00:15:12.260 --> 00:15:13.880 We're looking at stepwise migration 321 00:15:13.880 --> 00:15:16.850 where people will get to a country they can tolerate 322 00:15:16.850 --> 00:15:21.170 and they're going to hope to get to a better country afterwards. 323 00:15:21.170 --> 00:15:23.810 People are migrating to for labor 324 00:15:23.810 --> 00:15:28.970 and returning to origin states once they retire. 325 00:15:28.970 --> 00:15:31.650 People are migrating, and this is particularly true 326 00:15:31.650 --> 00:15:34.130 in North America and Eurasia, migrating 327 00:15:34.130 --> 00:15:37.490 for dangerous, dirty and demeaning jobs, 328 00:15:37.490 --> 00:15:41.370 ruining their health, and then being sent back home. 329 00:15:41.370 --> 00:15:44.270 So that sending states not only lose their labor power, 330 00:15:44.270 --> 00:15:48.290 but also now have older infirmed citizens 331 00:15:48.290 --> 00:15:51.850 that they are responsible for caring for-- to care for. 332 00:15:51.850 --> 00:15:55.330 So to really think about migration timing 333 00:15:55.330 --> 00:15:58.790 and how we integrate that into our assessments of migration, 334 00:15:58.790 --> 00:16:00.850 I think could behoove us all. 335 00:16:00.850 --> 00:16:03.990 And then lastly, I'd like us to think about sustainability, 336 00:16:03.990 --> 00:16:06.610 the topic of today's conference. 337 00:16:06.610 --> 00:16:08.010 There's a couple of things that I 338 00:16:08.010 --> 00:16:10.830 would like to point out in terms of sustainability. 339 00:16:10.830 --> 00:16:13.770 The first one is this importance of the environment. 340 00:16:13.770 --> 00:16:15.730 And considering how migration is going 341 00:16:15.730 --> 00:16:17.970 to move forward and environmental drivers 342 00:16:17.970 --> 00:16:19.130 of migration. 343 00:16:19.130 --> 00:16:23.090 But secondly, we'll get back to my topic, which is demography, 344 00:16:23.090 --> 00:16:25.150 which is population. 345 00:16:25.150 --> 00:16:28.330 How are long-term population trends 346 00:16:28.330 --> 00:16:30.450 going to impact the sustainability 347 00:16:30.450 --> 00:16:33.810 of the global migration system as it is today? 348 00:16:33.810 --> 00:16:37.010 Receiving states like Western Europe and the United States 349 00:16:37.010 --> 00:16:39.690 continue to age. 350 00:16:39.690 --> 00:16:43.210 New entrants in the labor market continue to decline. 351 00:16:43.210 --> 00:16:47.250 The fertility transition has already hit Latin America. 352 00:16:47.250 --> 00:16:50.650 Has already hit Central Asia and the Caucasus. 353 00:16:50.650 --> 00:16:53.190 And so over the next two decades, 354 00:16:53.190 --> 00:16:55.010 the number of new entrants into the labor 355 00:16:55.010 --> 00:16:58.610 market in those communities are going to fall. 356 00:16:58.610 --> 00:17:04.089 There will be fewer bodies potential to migrate. 357 00:17:04.089 --> 00:17:06.650 These are countries that exported what we 358 00:17:06.650 --> 00:17:08.690 call the demographic dividend. 359 00:17:08.690 --> 00:17:12.329 When you get your fertility under control, over time 360 00:17:12.329 --> 00:17:15.210 your economy benefits because you have a greater proportion 361 00:17:15.210 --> 00:17:17.730 of workers in your population. 362 00:17:17.730 --> 00:17:18.550 This is great. 363 00:17:18.550 --> 00:17:19.800 They compete for jobs. 364 00:17:19.800 --> 00:17:21.819 They spur economic growth. 365 00:17:21.819 --> 00:17:23.819 This is how development happens. 366 00:17:23.819 --> 00:17:27.140 Sending states have a tendency to export their dividend 367 00:17:27.140 --> 00:17:29.740 so that it benefits receiving states. 368 00:17:29.740 --> 00:17:33.580 Russia ate up Central Asia and the Caucasus 369 00:17:33.580 --> 00:17:34.880 demographic dividend. 370 00:17:34.880 --> 00:17:37.780 The United States, to a large extent 371 00:17:37.780 --> 00:17:42.180 enjoyed the demographic dividend from Latin America. 372 00:17:42.180 --> 00:17:45.900 As those age structures in those sending countries 373 00:17:45.900 --> 00:17:53.060 continue to change, and our demand for migrants grows, 374 00:17:53.060 --> 00:17:55.540 we're looking at a real question about 375 00:17:55.540 --> 00:17:57.700 the long-term demographic stability 376 00:17:57.700 --> 00:18:00.120 of the international migration system. 377 00:18:00.120 --> 00:18:02.980 And I think it's something for us to think about. 378 00:18:02.980 --> 00:18:04.660 Most [UNINTELLIGIBLE] and economists 379 00:18:04.660 --> 00:18:11.140 look to the African continent as a wonderful potential 380 00:18:11.140 --> 00:18:14.780 for the generation of the new demographic dividend. 381 00:18:14.780 --> 00:18:17.940 Africa over the coming decades, despite the ravages 382 00:18:17.940 --> 00:18:20.550 of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, is going 383 00:18:20.550 --> 00:18:25.390 to see their demographic profile become much more amenable 384 00:18:25.390 --> 00:18:26.950 to high economic growth. 385 00:18:26.950 --> 00:18:29.590 Large and growing proportions of their population 386 00:18:29.590 --> 00:18:33.470 in the prime working ages. 387 00:18:33.470 --> 00:18:37.550 How will that affect international migration? 388 00:18:37.550 --> 00:18:39.630 Many economic analysts are arguing 389 00:18:39.630 --> 00:18:43.910 that this can spur economic development in Africa. 390 00:18:43.910 --> 00:18:46.550 I'd like them to talk to some of the ministers of labor 391 00:18:46.550 --> 00:18:48.730 in Latin America and Central Asia, 392 00:18:48.730 --> 00:18:50.830 and see what can be done to really make sure 393 00:18:50.830 --> 00:18:55.070 that demographic dividend stays on the continent as opposed 394 00:18:55.070 --> 00:18:57.510 to being exported elsewhere. 395 00:18:57.510 --> 00:18:58.510 But we'll see. 396 00:18:58.510 --> 00:19:01.450 I think, if nothing else, we're in for interesting times, 397 00:19:01.450 --> 00:19:04.810 as they say, when we're thinking about international migration. 398 00:19:04.810 --> 00:19:08.170 And I can't think of a better group of scholars to guide us. 399 00:19:08.170 --> 00:19:10.290 So I'll hand it over to the first panel. 400 00:19:10.290 --> 00:19:11.130 Thank you very much. 401 00:19:11.130 --> 00:19:14.480 [APPLAUSE] 402 00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:22.000

Description of the video:

WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:07.360 2 00:00:07.360 --> 00:00:08.960 I'm Maria Grosz-Ngate. 3 00:00:08.960 --> 00:00:12.120 I'm the associate director of the African Studies Program 4 00:00:12.120 --> 00:00:15.000 at Indiana University Bloomington. 5 00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:20.600 And I'm here to welcome all of you to this "Doing Business 6 00:00:20.600 --> 00:00:24.000 in and with Africa Conference" today. 7 00:00:24.000 --> 00:00:27.360 I'm very delighted that my colleagues 8 00:00:27.360 --> 00:00:32.759 at the Center for International Business Education and Research 9 00:00:32.759 --> 00:00:35.120 organized this event. 10 00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:39.400 I think we'll have many interesting presentations 11 00:00:39.400 --> 00:00:43.360 and hopefully discussion, lively discussion. 12 00:00:43.360 --> 00:00:47.600 It's a very appropriate and timely topic. 13 00:00:47.600 --> 00:00:52.440 And Africa has a long history of trade and entrepreneurship, 14 00:00:52.440 --> 00:00:57.560 and that's often overshadowed by the negative events that 15 00:00:57.560 --> 00:01:00.870 come from the continent or the negative news 16 00:01:00.870 --> 00:01:03.790 that we hear about the continent. 17 00:01:03.790 --> 00:01:06.850 So thank you-- welcome, everyone. 18 00:01:06.850 --> 00:01:12.910 The audience, members of the panels, the invited speakers, 19 00:01:12.910 --> 00:01:15.070 and the moderators. 20 00:01:15.070 --> 00:01:18.790 I also want to thank the committee members who 21 00:01:18.790 --> 00:01:22.110 were involved in planning this event, Peter 22 00:01:22.110 --> 00:01:26.270 Kirkwood and Ansuyah Naiken of the International Center 23 00:01:26.270 --> 00:01:32.070 here in Indianapolis, and Tom Miller of the PNC Bank. 24 00:01:32.070 --> 00:01:35.590 And my very special thanks to Christine Everett 25 00:01:35.590 --> 00:01:42.190 and Vicky Dixon of the CIBER, the Center 26 00:01:42.190 --> 00:01:44.950 for International Business Education and Research. 27 00:01:44.950 --> 00:01:48.710 This is in the Kelley School of Business. 28 00:01:48.710 --> 00:01:53.230 Unfortunately, our keynote speaker, the original keynote 29 00:01:53.230 --> 00:01:58.070 speaker, Lida Fitts of the US Trade and Development Agency, 30 00:01:58.070 --> 00:02:00.270 was unable to come. 31 00:02:00.270 --> 00:02:04.070 She had a last-minute business in Ghana, 32 00:02:04.070 --> 00:02:07.350 so she had to leave on very short notice. 33 00:02:07.350 --> 00:02:12.270 But I don't think we are any worse of it 34 00:02:12.270 --> 00:02:15.510 because David Riposo will replace her 35 00:02:15.510 --> 00:02:18.910 and I will introduce him in a minute. 36 00:02:18.910 --> 00:02:22.990 I just want to mention that Monica Brown was to be 37 00:02:22.990 --> 00:02:26.830 on the first panel initially. 38 00:02:26.830 --> 00:02:33.150 She also was unable to come, but she is replaced by Patricia 39 00:02:33.150 --> 00:02:37.390 [? Seck. ?] And then in the afternoon, 40 00:02:37.390 --> 00:02:39.830 George [? Schriewer ?] was unable to attend, 41 00:02:39.830 --> 00:02:43.510 and unfortunately, we were not able to find a replacement 42 00:02:43.510 --> 00:02:45.670 for him. 43 00:02:45.670 --> 00:02:47.890 The event will be recorded. 44 00:02:47.890 --> 00:02:54.310 But if you need to go out for something, go ahead. 45 00:02:54.310 --> 00:02:57.740 It's not a problem. 46 00:02:57.740 --> 00:03:02.580 So I'm very delighted that David Riposo could join us here. 47 00:03:02.580 --> 00:03:06.620 He is the finance and implementation manager 48 00:03:06.620 --> 00:03:12.140 for sub-Saharan Africa at the US Trade and Development Agency. 49 00:03:12.140 --> 00:03:15.980 So Lida Fitts knew what she was doing when she recommended him 50 00:03:15.980 --> 00:03:18.660 as her replacement. 51 00:03:18.660 --> 00:03:22.340 And in his position, he helps energy ventures 52 00:03:22.340 --> 00:03:27.860 in sub-Saharan Africa achieve financial and commercial 53 00:03:27.860 --> 00:03:29.740 operation. 54 00:03:29.740 --> 00:03:35.260 Before joining the agency, he led donor-funded energy access 55 00:03:35.260 --> 00:03:39.180 programs in Africa and South Asia for five years. 56 00:03:39.180 --> 00:03:43.060 And before then, he was a strategy consultant 57 00:03:43.060 --> 00:03:46.180 advising companies and governments on clean energy 58 00:03:46.180 --> 00:03:49.340 markets and technologies. 59 00:03:49.340 --> 00:03:52.100 His professional experience also includes 60 00:03:52.100 --> 00:03:56.700 establishing a renewable energy consulting business in India 61 00:03:56.700 --> 00:04:01.380 and helping many wind and solar project developers 62 00:04:01.380 --> 00:04:04.540 define pre-construction energy generation 63 00:04:04.540 --> 00:04:06.780 potential of their projects. 64 00:04:06.780 --> 00:04:09.100 He has an MS degree from the University 65 00:04:09.100 --> 00:04:12.380 of Maryland in College Park. 66 00:04:12.380 --> 00:04:17.260 So let's welcome our keynote speaker, Mr. Riposo. 67 00:04:17.260 --> 00:04:19.839 And welcome Mr. Riposo. 68 00:04:19.839 --> 00:04:23.267 [APPLAUSE] 69 00:04:23.267 --> 00:04:27.660 70 00:04:27.660 --> 00:04:28.440 Great. 71 00:04:28.440 --> 00:04:30.720 Well, thanks again for the introduction. 72 00:04:30.720 --> 00:04:33.180 And thanks all to the CIBER team. 73 00:04:33.180 --> 00:04:34.920 It's a privilege to be here. 74 00:04:34.920 --> 00:04:39.380 And once again, Lida Fitts, my colleague, sends her regrets. 75 00:04:39.380 --> 00:04:41.700 She's presently about halfway to Nigeria 76 00:04:41.700 --> 00:04:43.740 where she will be attending a conference 77 00:04:43.740 --> 00:04:46.820 with the Africa Finance Corporation 78 00:04:46.820 --> 00:04:49.300 for the next several days. 79 00:04:49.300 --> 00:04:54.090 My objective with this talk is to hopefully set 80 00:04:54.090 --> 00:04:57.250 the stage for the conversation to come over 81 00:04:57.250 --> 00:05:00.770 the course of the day and discuss the challenges 82 00:05:00.770 --> 00:05:04.050 and opportunities associated with doing business 83 00:05:04.050 --> 00:05:05.970 in and with Africa. 84 00:05:05.970 --> 00:05:09.530 I would like to describe for you a little bit about what the US 85 00:05:09.530 --> 00:05:13.410 government is doing in this domain 86 00:05:13.410 --> 00:05:16.662 to try to improve the situation. 87 00:05:16.662 --> 00:05:18.370 And then I would like to describe for you 88 00:05:18.370 --> 00:05:24.450 what my very small agency is doing in our circumscribed role. 89 00:05:24.450 --> 00:05:27.170 I would like to describe for you what the US Trade 90 00:05:27.170 --> 00:05:29.770 and Development Agency is doing to help 91 00:05:29.770 --> 00:05:32.730 US businesses access opportunities 92 00:05:32.730 --> 00:05:34.310 in sub-Saharan Africa. 93 00:05:34.310 --> 00:05:37.970 94 00:05:37.970 --> 00:05:40.330 So I have a feeling we're going to be having 95 00:05:40.330 --> 00:05:43.010 a number of different versions of this conversation 96 00:05:43.010 --> 00:05:47.730 today, discussing the challenges and the opportunities associated 97 00:05:47.730 --> 00:05:51.650 with doing business in Africa. 98 00:05:51.650 --> 00:05:54.450 Vicky, et al, have asked me to focus in 99 00:05:54.450 --> 00:05:58.210 on power and for very good reason. 100 00:05:58.210 --> 00:06:02.190 USTDA, the broader US government and the business community, 101 00:06:02.190 --> 00:06:05.450 we all perceive this to be a real constraint 102 00:06:05.450 --> 00:06:07.090 to economic growth. 103 00:06:07.090 --> 00:06:11.890 And there are many ways in which access 104 00:06:11.890 --> 00:06:16.850 to electricity and lack of it constrains economic growth. 105 00:06:16.850 --> 00:06:20.270 600 million Africans, as is well known, 106 00:06:20.270 --> 00:06:22.970 are living without access to electricity. 107 00:06:22.970 --> 00:06:25.930 Those with access to electricity often 108 00:06:25.930 --> 00:06:29.690 don't have reliable access. 109 00:06:29.690 --> 00:06:32.550 If that feeder line is leading to your house, 110 00:06:32.550 --> 00:06:38.450 often it goes dark for however many hours or days at a time. 111 00:06:38.450 --> 00:06:42.230 And this is not only an inconvenience, 112 00:06:42.230 --> 00:06:45.850 but a serious constraint to economic growth. 113 00:06:45.850 --> 00:06:50.320 On the other side of that coin, each of those 600 million 114 00:06:50.320 --> 00:06:55.160 that lack access represents a kind of a business opportunity. 115 00:06:55.160 --> 00:06:58.020 If you're able to access that opportunity, 116 00:06:58.020 --> 00:07:01.080 the risk is tremendous. 117 00:07:01.080 --> 00:07:03.960 But the rewards, in turn, are also 118 00:07:03.960 --> 00:07:08.080 quite substantial if you're able to be successful. 119 00:07:08.080 --> 00:07:12.360 We feel quite strongly that US businesses are 120 00:07:12.360 --> 00:07:17.920 in a unique position to help unravel some of these challenges 121 00:07:17.920 --> 00:07:21.340 and do so in a way that's profitable. 122 00:07:21.340 --> 00:07:25.680 123 00:07:25.680 --> 00:07:30.520 And that position is widely held across the US government, which 124 00:07:30.520 --> 00:07:32.820 is foremost among the reasons why, 125 00:07:32.820 --> 00:07:36.040 in 2013, the previous administration launched 126 00:07:36.040 --> 00:07:39.040 the Power Africa program. 127 00:07:39.040 --> 00:07:41.700 If you're not familiar with the Power Africa program, 128 00:07:41.700 --> 00:07:45.040 a brief overview and I'll be happy to address any questions 129 00:07:45.040 --> 00:07:46.960 that you might have about it. 130 00:07:46.960 --> 00:07:53.400 This is an interagency effort that is US government sponsored, 131 00:07:53.400 --> 00:07:57.540 but convenes a number of other bilateral donors, 132 00:07:57.540 --> 00:08:01.040 a number of other multilateral development banks. 133 00:08:01.040 --> 00:08:03.760 And we are all motivated towards the shared 134 00:08:03.760 --> 00:08:13.920 objectives of helping 60 million Africans access energy. 135 00:08:13.920 --> 00:08:18.000 Building out the capacity of Africa to generate energy 136 00:08:18.000 --> 00:08:22.720 by 30,000 megawatts all by 2030. 137 00:08:22.720 --> 00:08:24.840 This is quite an ambitious undertaking. 138 00:08:24.840 --> 00:08:28.760 And although government is playing a leadership role, 139 00:08:28.760 --> 00:08:31.280 the private sector is really out front. 140 00:08:31.280 --> 00:08:36.419 The objective of Power Africa is to provide catalytic funding, 141 00:08:36.419 --> 00:08:39.240 to provide catalytic capacity building that 142 00:08:39.240 --> 00:08:41.679 will crowd in private sector money and private sector 143 00:08:41.679 --> 00:08:44.775 capacity in order to achieve these objectives. 144 00:08:44.775 --> 00:08:46.400 Now, this isn't about the US government 145 00:08:46.400 --> 00:08:51.310 trying to prescribe solutions and pay for them, rather 146 00:08:51.310 --> 00:08:53.670 to crowd in the private sector to help 147 00:08:53.670 --> 00:08:57.550 do some of that work for the benefit of the private sector 148 00:08:57.550 --> 00:09:00.310 and Africa. 149 00:09:00.310 --> 00:09:05.110 Many US government agencies are supporting this initiative. 150 00:09:05.110 --> 00:09:13.750 The export credit bank, the US EXIM Bank, for example, 151 00:09:13.750 --> 00:09:16.790 can provide very low interest loans 152 00:09:16.790 --> 00:09:20.870 to organizations that want to import US goods to Africa. 153 00:09:20.870 --> 00:09:24.030 The Overseas Private Investment Corporation, or OPIC, 154 00:09:24.030 --> 00:09:28.470 can provide very low interest concessional debt 155 00:09:28.470 --> 00:09:33.190 to US investors that want to do business in Africa. 156 00:09:33.190 --> 00:09:35.830 USAID and the Millennium Challenge Corporation 157 00:09:35.830 --> 00:09:38.750 are building the capacity of African institutions 158 00:09:38.750 --> 00:09:44.110 to incorporate more power into their power systems 159 00:09:44.110 --> 00:09:50.670 and to expand access, especially in rural areas. 160 00:09:50.670 --> 00:09:55.630 Our agency has a narrow role, but it's, 161 00:09:55.630 --> 00:09:59.430 I believe, quite important in the landscape of power project 162 00:09:59.430 --> 00:10:03.630 promotion-- of infrastructure project promotion very broadly, 163 00:10:03.630 --> 00:10:05.670 but in the context of today's discussion 164 00:10:05.670 --> 00:10:08.190 of power project promotion. 165 00:10:08.190 --> 00:10:12.810 So I would like to discuss the role of USTDA in all of this. 166 00:10:12.810 --> 00:10:17.110 First at a global level, but then let's drill down a bit 167 00:10:17.110 --> 00:10:21.750 and discuss what's going on in Africa, our Africa portfolio 168 00:10:21.750 --> 00:10:24.390 more broadly. 169 00:10:24.390 --> 00:10:30.750 The mission of USTDA, of the US Trade and Development Agency, 170 00:10:30.750 --> 00:10:35.310 is simply to promote US manufacturing. 171 00:10:35.310 --> 00:10:39.350 And we do that by extending grant capital 172 00:10:39.350 --> 00:10:42.870 to infrastructure ventures in emerging markets all 173 00:10:42.870 --> 00:10:44.620 over the world. 174 00:10:44.620 --> 00:10:49.780 We're a small organization, only about 45 full-time employees 175 00:10:49.780 --> 00:10:52.840 on two floors of an office building in suburban Washington, 176 00:10:52.840 --> 00:10:58.620 D.C., but we have supported over 500 infrastructure 177 00:10:58.620 --> 00:11:01.840 projects in Africa alone since our founding. 178 00:11:01.840 --> 00:11:09.420 179 00:11:09.420 --> 00:11:14.580 We support activities that will help shepherd infrastructure 180 00:11:14.580 --> 00:11:18.420 projects along from the conception stage 181 00:11:18.420 --> 00:11:21.180 to a stage where they will be able to seek 182 00:11:21.180 --> 00:11:23.520 public and private sector sources of funding. 183 00:11:23.520 --> 00:11:28.660 So from a conception stage to a place where they're bankable. 184 00:11:28.660 --> 00:11:30.900 And along that development journey, 185 00:11:30.900 --> 00:11:33.620 we are exposing infrastructure project promoters 186 00:11:33.620 --> 00:11:36.780 to what we consider to be the virtue of us 187 00:11:36.780 --> 00:11:41.900 enterprise, of US manufacturing so that when the project is 188 00:11:41.900 --> 00:11:47.260 finally built, the fraction of US export content 189 00:11:47.260 --> 00:11:50.260 will be very high. 190 00:11:50.260 --> 00:11:53.260 Often our grant-funded enterprises 191 00:11:53.260 --> 00:11:59.140 will include scope elements, such as the engineering 192 00:11:59.140 --> 00:12:01.500 technical analysis required to define 193 00:12:01.500 --> 00:12:04.740 the very technical parameters of the infrastructure that's 194 00:12:04.740 --> 00:12:05.980 proposed. 195 00:12:05.980 --> 00:12:09.300 We will help with the creation of environmental analysis 196 00:12:09.300 --> 00:12:12.100 to identify environmental risk and mitigate it 197 00:12:12.100 --> 00:12:14.780 wherever that's necessary. 198 00:12:14.780 --> 00:12:18.740 We will work with whatever policy and regulatory regime 199 00:12:18.740 --> 00:12:22.020 in the country context to help ensure that all of the licensing 200 00:12:22.020 --> 00:12:26.260 and documentation is in place at the end of our terms 201 00:12:26.260 --> 00:12:30.440 of reference so that once complete, 202 00:12:30.440 --> 00:12:35.280 that project is tied up with the bow and ready to seek financing. 203 00:12:35.280 --> 00:12:39.820 204 00:12:39.820 --> 00:12:42.830 We've been at this for a number of decades, 205 00:12:42.830 --> 00:12:45.570 since the early '80s, and we feel that we're quite good 206 00:12:45.570 --> 00:12:46.850 at it. 207 00:12:46.850 --> 00:12:56.290 Just last year, in the FY16, we identified about $3 billion 208 00:12:56.290 --> 00:13:00.250 in exports that were attributable in that year 209 00:13:00.250 --> 00:13:03.370 to our activities. 210 00:13:03.370 --> 00:13:07.210 Now, we have a staff that is of about three people who 211 00:13:07.210 --> 00:13:10.650 are devoted to monitoring this kind of thing full time. 212 00:13:10.650 --> 00:13:13.210 We have accountants that are essentially 213 00:13:13.210 --> 00:13:15.930 looking over their shoulders, making sure 214 00:13:15.930 --> 00:13:20.633 that the data are substantial and withstand scrutiny. 215 00:13:20.633 --> 00:13:22.050 And we have additional accountants 216 00:13:22.050 --> 00:13:23.690 looking over the shoulders of those accountants 217 00:13:23.690 --> 00:13:25.670 so we're quite certain of these numbers, 218 00:13:25.670 --> 00:13:29.170 that there are a great deal of exports 219 00:13:29.170 --> 00:13:32.210 that are directly attributable to the work that we do. 220 00:13:32.210 --> 00:13:34.970 We feel just as strongly that there are jobs, 221 00:13:34.970 --> 00:13:39.470 US manufacturing jobs, that are attributable to those exports, 222 00:13:39.470 --> 00:13:44.170 about 17,000, 18,000 in the most recent financial year. 223 00:13:44.170 --> 00:13:52.670 Since TDA was founded, we feel that about $57 billion 224 00:13:52.670 --> 00:13:57.890 of attributable exports have been realized. 225 00:13:57.890 --> 00:14:01.410 And the final number I think is the most important, 226 00:14:01.410 --> 00:14:06.490 a nice, succinct summary of who we are and the type of impact 227 00:14:06.490 --> 00:14:09.170 that we have. 228 00:14:09.170 --> 00:14:13.730 When a dollar of US taxpayer funding 229 00:14:13.730 --> 00:14:18.210 is appropriated to USTDA, we can attribute 230 00:14:18.210 --> 00:14:22.587 $85 of US export content as a result 231 00:14:22.587 --> 00:14:24.170 of the technical assistance that we're 232 00:14:24.170 --> 00:14:26.670 able to provide through our grant funding. 233 00:14:26.670 --> 00:14:31.530 234 00:14:31.530 --> 00:14:35.210 So that's a look at who we are from a global perspective. 235 00:14:35.210 --> 00:14:38.920 In Africa, we are an implementing agency 236 00:14:38.920 --> 00:14:43.520 of this much broader interagency effort of Power Africa. 237 00:14:43.520 --> 00:14:48.440 And we play a role really at the origination stage. 238 00:14:48.440 --> 00:14:53.440 Power Africa recall is all about new capacity, new connections. 239 00:14:53.440 --> 00:14:55.600 In a Power Africa context, we are 240 00:14:55.600 --> 00:15:01.080 responsible for identifying new power projects, all 241 00:15:01.080 --> 00:15:04.960 the way at the headwaters of the project development life cycle. 242 00:15:04.960 --> 00:15:07.680 We are responsible for identifying the infrastructure 243 00:15:07.680 --> 00:15:10.280 project promoters who have the highest likelihood of achieving 244 00:15:10.280 --> 00:15:13.760 financial close, identifying a scope of work that 245 00:15:13.760 --> 00:15:17.960 will help them get from wherever they are in their development 246 00:15:17.960 --> 00:15:23.040 life cycle to a stage where they are ready to be bankable. 247 00:15:23.040 --> 00:15:26.160 We have 57 projects today. 248 00:15:26.160 --> 00:15:29.040 As of later this afternoon, we will have 58 249 00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:31.480 if all goes well at our board meeting. 250 00:15:31.480 --> 00:15:37.230 And each of these projects is percolating 251 00:15:37.230 --> 00:15:42.950 towards financial close at one degree of maturity or another. 252 00:15:42.950 --> 00:15:48.370 That final figure of $3 billion, I must apologize for that. 253 00:15:48.370 --> 00:15:52.230 This is an old slide that I pulled in from a previous deck. 254 00:15:52.230 --> 00:15:55.510 The latest figure is more like 6.5. 255 00:15:55.510 --> 00:16:00.750 Just to be clear, that's $6.5 billion in potential exports 256 00:16:00.750 --> 00:16:04.270 that we anticipate we can realize through our Power Africa 257 00:16:04.270 --> 00:16:09.710 portfolio alone, which I'm quite proud of. 258 00:16:09.710 --> 00:16:12.070 But that's just on the US export content 259 00:16:12.070 --> 00:16:14.090 side, which is an important piece of the puzzle 260 00:16:14.090 --> 00:16:16.048 and it's the one that I think principally we'll 261 00:16:16.048 --> 00:16:17.910 be talking about today. 262 00:16:17.910 --> 00:16:23.630 The impact side of the story, I think is just as important. 263 00:16:23.630 --> 00:16:27.830 This is more than a gigawatt of potential new generation 264 00:16:27.830 --> 00:16:28.610 capacity. 265 00:16:28.610 --> 00:16:31.590 This gets us a long way down the field towards the objectives 266 00:16:31.590 --> 00:16:33.270 of Power Africa. 267 00:16:33.270 --> 00:16:35.150 And along the way, 2 million Africans 268 00:16:35.150 --> 00:16:40.030 will be connected to the grid, or otherwise 269 00:16:40.030 --> 00:16:43.350 have access to commercial, high-quality energy 270 00:16:43.350 --> 00:16:45.990 where they didn't before. 271 00:16:45.990 --> 00:16:48.430 And since anecdotes are kind of fun, 272 00:16:48.430 --> 00:16:52.830 I'll describe a little bit the picture on the right. 273 00:16:52.830 --> 00:16:56.630 This is one of a representation of one of the grantees, so one 274 00:16:56.630 --> 00:17:02.070 of the 58, plus or minus, in our portfolio presently. 275 00:17:02.070 --> 00:17:04.950 The grantee for this project, not pictured, 276 00:17:04.950 --> 00:17:08.069 is a gentleman named Caleb King. 277 00:17:08.069 --> 00:17:14.030 He is a medical doctor who is also an electrical engineer 278 00:17:14.030 --> 00:17:15.829 trained at MIT. 279 00:17:15.829 --> 00:17:17.970 He's also a Methodist missionary. 280 00:17:17.970 --> 00:17:23.990 And after the genocide in Rwanda in the middle '90s, he was 281 00:17:23.990 --> 00:17:28.590 inspired to pack up his family and move to a remote corner 282 00:17:28.590 --> 00:17:32.950 of Northern Rwanda, near the border with DRC. 283 00:17:32.950 --> 00:17:37.600 This is a conflict region that even before the genocide 284 00:17:37.600 --> 00:17:40.740 was wracked by generations of conflict, 285 00:17:40.740 --> 00:17:44.400 and the infrastructure was in a very sorry state, 286 00:17:44.400 --> 00:17:46.180 as you can imagine. 287 00:17:46.180 --> 00:17:50.020 Being a medical doctor, he took over a hospital. 288 00:17:50.020 --> 00:17:51.860 With his own equity, he rebuilt it 289 00:17:51.860 --> 00:17:53.740 essentially from the ground up. 290 00:17:53.740 --> 00:17:55.740 As the years went by, though, he noticed 291 00:17:55.740 --> 00:17:59.860 that not having access to a reliable energy source 292 00:17:59.860 --> 00:18:02.860 meant that he had to pull in diesel generators 293 00:18:02.860 --> 00:18:07.260 and the expense was doing violence to his bottom line, 294 00:18:07.260 --> 00:18:13.820 was making it really difficult for his self-funded medical 295 00:18:13.820 --> 00:18:16.500 enterprise to be sustainable. 296 00:18:16.500 --> 00:18:19.540 So he worked with USTDA to essentially go 297 00:18:19.540 --> 00:18:21.180 into the power business. 298 00:18:21.180 --> 00:18:26.380 That corner of rural Rwanda is surrounded on all sides 299 00:18:26.380 --> 00:18:30.040 by rivers throughout the year. 300 00:18:30.040 --> 00:18:32.940 So there's no seasonality really to these rivers. 301 00:18:32.940 --> 00:18:37.200 They have really great power generation profiles, 302 00:18:37.200 --> 00:18:42.340 really steep hills and steady flow that doesn't really 303 00:18:42.340 --> 00:18:44.620 attenuate in the dry season. 304 00:18:44.620 --> 00:18:48.780 With USTDA's support, he established the feasibility 305 00:18:48.780 --> 00:18:53.880 of a whole cascade of hydropower projects that are quite close, 306 00:18:53.880 --> 00:18:56.140 not only to his hospital, which has now 307 00:18:56.140 --> 00:18:59.180 been electrified through the provision of power 308 00:18:59.180 --> 00:19:03.460 from the facility that you can see on the slide, 309 00:19:03.460 --> 00:19:06.220 but also several villages around the hospital 310 00:19:06.220 --> 00:19:08.180 have been electrified as well. 311 00:19:08.180 --> 00:19:13.480 These are villages where if they had power at all in the past, 312 00:19:13.480 --> 00:19:15.940 they'd had it from a diesel generator. 313 00:19:15.940 --> 00:19:19.140 So it was only available to them when the diesel 314 00:19:19.140 --> 00:19:22.700 itself was available to whoever was selling them the power. 315 00:19:22.700 --> 00:19:27.540 And if it was available, it was available at a very high cost. 316 00:19:27.540 --> 00:19:31.650 The cost that this hydropower represents 317 00:19:31.650 --> 00:19:35.450 is substantially lower than what these villagers were 318 00:19:35.450 --> 00:19:36.970 paying before. 319 00:19:36.970 --> 00:19:42.130 Now, this is a very small scale version of the work that we do. 320 00:19:42.130 --> 00:19:46.930 The facility you see is about 500 kilowatts only, 321 00:19:46.930 --> 00:19:50.050 which is not very large. 322 00:19:50.050 --> 00:19:53.330 And the cascade that we hope to develop 323 00:19:53.330 --> 00:19:56.430 won't be too much larger than that. 324 00:19:56.430 --> 00:19:58.930 But I think it's an interesting window into the kind of work 325 00:19:58.930 --> 00:20:01.810 that we do. 326 00:20:01.810 --> 00:20:05.490 The kind of opportunities that our work presents 327 00:20:05.490 --> 00:20:09.610 to US businesses and how the work that we do 328 00:20:09.610 --> 00:20:11.790 can be scaled up across the continent. 329 00:20:11.790 --> 00:20:14.410 330 00:20:14.410 --> 00:20:16.750 So in terms of scaling it up across the continent, 331 00:20:16.750 --> 00:20:19.530 let's just take a look at from a broader perspective what 332 00:20:19.530 --> 00:20:21.970 our portfolio looks like. 333 00:20:21.970 --> 00:20:24.930 We're very active in the gas sector, in part 334 00:20:24.930 --> 00:20:28.730 because the US enjoys such a strong competitive position 335 00:20:28.730 --> 00:20:30.690 internationally in the gas sector, 336 00:20:30.690 --> 00:20:32.170 but in part because it's a really 337 00:20:32.170 --> 00:20:35.030 good fit for a lot of the challenges, not all of them, 338 00:20:35.030 --> 00:20:39.370 but for a lot of the challenges that Africa is facing. 339 00:20:39.370 --> 00:20:44.610 This slide doesn't really do justice to our portfolio. 340 00:20:44.610 --> 00:20:47.090 There are a number of ventures in our portfolio 341 00:20:47.090 --> 00:20:49.250 that aren't represented here. 342 00:20:49.250 --> 00:20:53.570 For example, we're working with the Dangote Group, one 343 00:20:53.570 --> 00:20:57.130 of the most significant corporations in Africa 344 00:20:57.130 --> 00:21:02.930 on a refinery and pipeline project in Nigeria. 345 00:21:02.930 --> 00:21:07.170 We're also working on a compressed natural gas 346 00:21:07.170 --> 00:21:11.290 terminal for transportation project in Nigeria, 347 00:21:11.290 --> 00:21:12.670 and a few other odds and ends. 348 00:21:12.670 --> 00:21:15.530 But this is a useful of summary of the work 349 00:21:15.530 --> 00:21:18.930 that we're doing in natural gas. 350 00:21:18.930 --> 00:21:21.330 My hope is that your takeaway from this slide 351 00:21:21.330 --> 00:21:26.050 is the $5 billion in potential export opportunities 352 00:21:26.050 --> 00:21:31.540 for US businesses should all of these projects fructify. 353 00:21:31.540 --> 00:21:34.560 354 00:21:34.560 --> 00:21:37.560 In a lot of ways, the solar opportunities 355 00:21:37.560 --> 00:21:40.000 that we're pursuing around the continent 356 00:21:40.000 --> 00:21:41.880 are just as compelling. 357 00:21:41.880 --> 00:21:45.960 The export content possibilities for US businesses 358 00:21:45.960 --> 00:21:49.880 are certainly less so. 359 00:21:49.880 --> 00:21:55.560 But the opportunity for impact in Africa is really profound. 360 00:21:55.560 --> 00:21:59.320 Solar facilities can be built quickly, the cost of power 361 00:21:59.320 --> 00:22:06.040 is extremely low, and Africa in many corners of Africa 362 00:22:06.040 --> 00:22:08.902 are among the sunniest places on the planet. 363 00:22:08.902 --> 00:22:10.360 This is a very interesting resource 364 00:22:10.360 --> 00:22:12.520 to be harnessing in order to accomplish 365 00:22:12.520 --> 00:22:16.320 some of those previously stated objectives of providing 366 00:22:16.320 --> 00:22:19.800 power, facilitating access. 367 00:22:19.800 --> 00:22:21.880 The reason I like our solar portfolio 368 00:22:21.880 --> 00:22:25.480 so much is because of its breadth 369 00:22:25.480 --> 00:22:27.420 from a capacity standpoint. 370 00:22:27.420 --> 00:22:31.200 On one end of the spectrum, we're sponsoring a 100-megawatt 371 00:22:31.200 --> 00:22:33.120 solar CSP-- 372 00:22:33.120 --> 00:22:37.880 excuse me, a concentrated solar power project in the Western 373 00:22:37.880 --> 00:22:41.240 Cape of South Africa. 374 00:22:41.240 --> 00:22:45.360 This is quite a sophisticated technology. 375 00:22:45.360 --> 00:22:48.800 There are precedents for it around the world, but very few. 376 00:22:48.800 --> 00:22:50.240 When this thing is built, it will 377 00:22:50.240 --> 00:22:55.880 be a really fantastic machine that will provide 378 00:22:55.880 --> 00:22:58.080 20 to 24 hours of power. 379 00:22:58.080 --> 00:23:00.040 So that is to say this is solar power that 380 00:23:00.040 --> 00:23:02.360 will continue delivering electricity into the grid 381 00:23:02.360 --> 00:23:04.560 after the sun goes down. 382 00:23:04.560 --> 00:23:06.240 At the other end of that spectrum, 383 00:23:06.240 --> 00:23:10.440 we're also working with a small business based 384 00:23:10.440 --> 00:23:16.600 in suburban Atlanta that offers a containerized solar mini grid 385 00:23:16.600 --> 00:23:17.840 solution. 386 00:23:17.840 --> 00:23:22.920 These are 300- to 500-kilowatt machines, 387 00:23:22.920 --> 00:23:25.510 that is to say very small machines that can be loaded 388 00:23:25.510 --> 00:23:29.110 into a shipping container delivered to a village where 389 00:23:29.110 --> 00:23:33.150 previously there was no access to power and a mini grid can be 390 00:23:33.150 --> 00:23:35.810 essentially unfolded from the container. 391 00:23:35.810 --> 00:23:38.350 392 00:23:38.350 --> 00:23:40.830 We see those two kinds of projects as solutions 393 00:23:40.830 --> 00:23:43.290 to very different kinds of problems, 394 00:23:43.290 --> 00:23:45.830 and we're proud to be playing a role 395 00:23:45.830 --> 00:23:48.310 in the delivery of those kinds of solutions 396 00:23:48.310 --> 00:23:49.730 all across the continent. 397 00:23:49.730 --> 00:23:52.910 398 00:23:52.910 --> 00:23:55.710 I thought it would be valuable to give you 399 00:23:55.710 --> 00:23:59.550 a tour of some of the specific US businesses that 400 00:23:59.550 --> 00:24:04.950 are benefiting from the kind of support that we provide. 401 00:24:04.950 --> 00:24:08.910 Starting up top is Rickly Hydropower. 402 00:24:08.910 --> 00:24:12.150 I visited the Rickly Hydropower factory 403 00:24:12.150 --> 00:24:16.950 in Columbus, Ohio, only a couple of months ago 404 00:24:16.950 --> 00:24:19.630 and met with the team to discuss a new project 405 00:24:19.630 --> 00:24:23.510 that they have in Tanzania. 406 00:24:23.510 --> 00:24:25.750 We have a number of grant-funded activities 407 00:24:25.750 --> 00:24:31.150 ongoing in Tanzania, and in particular, in the hydro space. 408 00:24:31.150 --> 00:24:34.270 In all of the activities that we fund, 409 00:24:34.270 --> 00:24:38.210 we throughout the development life cycle 410 00:24:38.210 --> 00:24:42.910 will work hard to expose project developers in Africa 411 00:24:42.910 --> 00:24:47.670 to opportunities to engage with US businesses. 412 00:24:47.670 --> 00:24:52.510 In the course of engaging with one project developer in Africa, 413 00:24:52.510 --> 00:24:55.070 We brought them to Columbus, Ohio, 414 00:24:55.070 --> 00:24:58.270 to tour the Rickly Hydropower facility and a number 415 00:24:58.270 --> 00:25:01.510 of other facilities in the neighborhood, such as a foundry 416 00:25:01.510 --> 00:25:05.750 in Springfield, Ohio, which was responsible for creating 417 00:25:05.750 --> 00:25:10.310 the castings necessary to manufacture some of the larger 418 00:25:10.310 --> 00:25:14.590 turbines that are exported by Rickly. 419 00:25:14.590 --> 00:25:17.470 They were quite impressed by what they saw, 420 00:25:17.470 --> 00:25:21.940 and they filled an order for about a megawatt 421 00:25:21.940 --> 00:25:26.020 worth of turbines which are presently being constructed. 422 00:25:26.020 --> 00:25:29.260 This will be anywhere from $500,000 to about $1 million 423 00:25:29.260 --> 00:25:31.460 worth of business. 424 00:25:31.460 --> 00:25:36.060 Not going to accomplish the objectives of Power 425 00:25:36.060 --> 00:25:39.860 Africa on its own, but I think it's an interesting anecdote. 426 00:25:39.860 --> 00:25:44.380 Alevo is a Swiss battery manufacturer 427 00:25:44.380 --> 00:25:49.300 with a significant manufacturing presence in North Carolina. 428 00:25:49.300 --> 00:25:50.980 A recently opened factory there has 429 00:25:50.980 --> 00:25:54.120 big ambitions not only to work in the domestic marketplace, 430 00:25:54.120 --> 00:25:57.300 but also to export its product abroad. 431 00:25:57.300 --> 00:26:02.260 We're working with Alevo to tie in what we think will be 432 00:26:02.260 --> 00:26:07.620 something like a 25-megawatt hour battery bank to a solar 433 00:26:07.620 --> 00:26:11.820 facility, a 40-megawatt photovoltaic solar facility 434 00:26:11.820 --> 00:26:17.740 in Kenya, that has reached financial close and is very 435 00:26:17.740 --> 00:26:21.620 likely to soon be interconnected to the grid. 436 00:26:21.620 --> 00:26:26.700 A 40-megawatt solar PV plant in Kenya with a 25-megawatt hour 437 00:26:26.700 --> 00:26:31.540 battery storage solution would be really novel across not just 438 00:26:31.540 --> 00:26:34.015 Kenya, but throughout sub-Saharan Africa. 439 00:26:34.015 --> 00:26:36.140 This is the kind of facility that has the potential 440 00:26:36.140 --> 00:26:39.980 to really demonstrate the utility of battery storage 441 00:26:39.980 --> 00:26:43.860 technology, the utility of solar, 442 00:26:43.860 --> 00:26:48.860 and the value proposition of US business in particular. 443 00:26:48.860 --> 00:26:51.440 We see storage as a real frontier 444 00:26:51.440 --> 00:26:54.180 and we're eager to make sure that US 445 00:26:54.180 --> 00:26:59.500 manufactured content has a role to play on that frontier. 446 00:26:59.500 --> 00:27:02.780 And Alevo is a key partner of ours in that regard. 447 00:27:02.780 --> 00:27:04.760 So I've discussed Renewvia a little bit. 448 00:27:04.760 --> 00:27:08.380 They offer a containerised solar solution. 449 00:27:08.380 --> 00:27:12.740 Standard Microgrid in Sacramento, California, 450 00:27:12.740 --> 00:27:14.620 offers a similar solution. 451 00:27:14.620 --> 00:27:18.730 It's quite a bit smaller than what Renewvia offers. 452 00:27:18.730 --> 00:27:21.850 While with Renewvia, we are sponsoring a pilot 453 00:27:21.850 --> 00:27:26.570 test of eight facilities throughout rural Kenya, 454 00:27:26.570 --> 00:27:29.090 with Standard Microgrid we're sponsoring a pilot test 455 00:27:29.090 --> 00:27:33.050 of about 150 facilities throughout Zambia, 456 00:27:33.050 --> 00:27:37.810 in much more rural locations, where smaller facilities are 457 00:27:37.810 --> 00:27:39.410 more appropriate. 458 00:27:39.410 --> 00:27:42.570 These are communities that have never had access 459 00:27:42.570 --> 00:27:45.410 to commercial energy for the most part, 460 00:27:45.410 --> 00:27:47.330 and there's very little demand. 461 00:27:47.330 --> 00:27:49.970 So a smaller facility, the kind of product 462 00:27:49.970 --> 00:27:53.130 that Standard Microgrid offers is much more appropriate 463 00:27:53.130 --> 00:27:55.850 in those kinds of contexts. 464 00:27:55.850 --> 00:27:58.210 Finally, Langson Energy. 465 00:27:58.210 --> 00:27:59.870 These guys are fascinating to me. 466 00:27:59.870 --> 00:28:04.330 What they offer is a system that can 467 00:28:04.330 --> 00:28:08.410 be incorporated into existing geothermal power generation 468 00:28:08.410 --> 00:28:10.090 technology. 469 00:28:10.090 --> 00:28:13.130 Langson Energy can capture heat that would otherwise 470 00:28:13.130 --> 00:28:18.450 be vented to the atmosphere and turn it into electricity. 471 00:28:18.450 --> 00:28:23.550 The technology has been deployed in the United States. 472 00:28:23.550 --> 00:28:27.610 It's been deployed in other developed world contexts. 473 00:28:27.610 --> 00:28:30.230 All of those contexts, for the most part, are mature. 474 00:28:30.230 --> 00:28:33.970 There's not very much greenfield geothermal development 475 00:28:33.970 --> 00:28:37.130 happening in the developed marketplaces of the world. 476 00:28:37.130 --> 00:28:38.970 For Langson Energy-- for companies 477 00:28:38.970 --> 00:28:43.370 like Langson Energy in the US, emerging markets 478 00:28:43.370 --> 00:28:46.330 represent their growth opportunities. 479 00:28:46.330 --> 00:28:49.050 They were excited to engage with USTDA 480 00:28:49.050 --> 00:28:52.570 because they didn't otherwise have an avenue into Africa. 481 00:28:52.570 --> 00:28:55.210 Through our grant funding, they are 482 00:28:55.210 --> 00:28:56.970 able to pilot test their technology 483 00:28:56.970 --> 00:29:00.210 in the African context, in this case, 484 00:29:00.210 --> 00:29:04.010 in a Kenyan context in the Olkaria field. 485 00:29:04.010 --> 00:29:05.210 Learn from it. 486 00:29:05.210 --> 00:29:07.730 Understand how to modify their business model in order 487 00:29:07.730 --> 00:29:14.190 to accommodate the country context and hopefully grow, 488 00:29:14.190 --> 00:29:17.660 hopefully expand into other adjoining marketplaces. 489 00:29:17.660 --> 00:29:21.640 490 00:29:21.640 --> 00:29:24.940 So I've talked a lot about our global portfolio. 491 00:29:24.940 --> 00:29:27.160 I've talked about our Africa portfolio. 492 00:29:27.160 --> 00:29:28.840 I don't want to lose sight of the fact 493 00:29:28.840 --> 00:29:31.740 that we work with businesses in 50 states, 494 00:29:31.740 --> 00:29:36.280 and Indiana is certainly among them. 495 00:29:36.280 --> 00:29:41.360 We over our institutional life, have 496 00:29:41.360 --> 00:29:45.960 attributed about 60 million, plus or minus, 497 00:29:45.960 --> 00:29:48.680 to Indiana businesses. 498 00:29:48.680 --> 00:29:53.640 That is to say we have attributed about $60 million 499 00:29:53.640 --> 00:29:58.400 in exports from Indiana businesses around the world-- 500 00:29:58.400 --> 00:30:00.960 to emerging markets around the world that 501 00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:04.760 are attributable to the work that USTDA has done. 502 00:30:04.760 --> 00:30:07.340 So we're very proud of that legacy. 503 00:30:07.340 --> 00:30:11.480 We're proud of those activities and we 504 00:30:11.480 --> 00:30:14.960 hope to find new ways to engage with businesses 505 00:30:14.960 --> 00:30:18.460 throughout the US and, of course, in Indiana as well. 506 00:30:18.460 --> 00:30:22.440 507 00:30:22.440 --> 00:30:25.960 So this brings me to the end of my presentation here. 508 00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:27.420 Since this is such a small crowd, 509 00:30:27.420 --> 00:30:29.920 I was hoping that we could engage in something 510 00:30:29.920 --> 00:30:31.440 like a conversation. 511 00:30:31.440 --> 00:30:33.440 So I would welcome any questions that you have, 512 00:30:33.440 --> 00:30:37.920 either about USTDA, the role that we play in Africa 513 00:30:37.920 --> 00:30:41.800 or in other emerging market places. 514 00:30:41.800 --> 00:30:42.917 Sir. 515 00:30:42.917 --> 00:30:44.500 [male speaker 1] My question would be, 516 00:30:44.500 --> 00:30:47.660 how does an Indiana company interact with USTDA? 517 00:30:47.660 --> 00:30:49.360 I think that's the essential question 518 00:30:49.360 --> 00:30:53.040 that most people would say, OK, this sounds interesting. 519 00:30:53.040 --> 00:30:56.600 How do I take advantage of it as a small company 520 00:30:56.600 --> 00:30:58.740 if I'm not the size of companies, for example, 521 00:30:58.740 --> 00:30:59.600 here locally. 522 00:30:59.600 --> 00:31:00.378 What do I do? 523 00:31:00.378 --> 00:31:00.920 [DAVID] Sure. 524 00:31:00.920 --> 00:31:04.063 525 00:31:04.063 --> 00:31:05.480 There are a lot of large companies 526 00:31:05.480 --> 00:31:09.080 on this list, no doubt, but some small ones as well. 527 00:31:09.080 --> 00:31:12.510 The small companies that we've engaged with in Indiana 528 00:31:12.510 --> 00:31:14.310 around the world-- 529 00:31:14.310 --> 00:31:17.490 excuse me, around the United States, for the most part, 530 00:31:17.490 --> 00:31:20.910 they have participated in our reverse trade missions. 531 00:31:20.910 --> 00:31:24.070 And this is not something that I went into too much detail 532 00:31:24.070 --> 00:31:27.230 about, of course, in my talk, but they're 533 00:31:27.230 --> 00:31:29.950 a key part of what we do. 534 00:31:29.950 --> 00:31:32.990 The Department of Commerce sponsors trade missions 535 00:31:32.990 --> 00:31:35.510 from time to time, where delegates 536 00:31:35.510 --> 00:31:38.590 will go to marketplaces abroad to learn more about what's 537 00:31:38.590 --> 00:31:40.850 going on in those marketplaces. 538 00:31:40.850 --> 00:31:43.390 What TDA does is really very different. 539 00:31:43.390 --> 00:31:48.550 We will take delegates from, let's say, procurement agencies 540 00:31:48.550 --> 00:31:51.430 in emerging market governments. 541 00:31:51.430 --> 00:31:55.630 We will take business leaders from target emerging markets 542 00:31:55.630 --> 00:32:00.190 themselves and give them a tour of the value 543 00:32:00.190 --> 00:32:01.770 proposition of US business. 544 00:32:01.770 --> 00:32:04.610 We will take them to Columbus, Ohio, for example, 545 00:32:04.610 --> 00:32:06.910 to visit with Rickly Hydropower. 546 00:32:06.910 --> 00:32:09.670 We'll take them to Carson City, Nevada, 547 00:32:09.670 --> 00:32:13.660 to visit with Langson Energy. 548 00:32:13.660 --> 00:32:14.960 We do that regularly. 549 00:32:14.960 --> 00:32:18.100 That's a key component of the work that we do. 550 00:32:18.100 --> 00:32:21.500 And it's a great way for small businesses 551 00:32:21.500 --> 00:32:23.820 to get engaged with emerging marketplaces 552 00:32:23.820 --> 00:32:25.940 without ever leaving the zip code. 553 00:32:25.940 --> 00:32:29.980 We advertise our reverse trade mission activities months 554 00:32:29.980 --> 00:32:31.580 in advance. 555 00:32:31.580 --> 00:32:33.180 The best way to keep up with that 556 00:32:33.180 --> 00:32:38.660 is certainly on our website. 557 00:32:38.660 --> 00:32:43.340 My contact information is on this slide. 558 00:32:43.340 --> 00:32:46.740 I can refer you directly to the spot on our website 559 00:32:46.740 --> 00:32:49.740 where we tend to park this information. 560 00:32:49.740 --> 00:32:53.700 In addition to that, if there is a Indiana business, if there 561 00:32:53.700 --> 00:32:59.260 is a domestic business anywhere in the US that is working with, 562 00:32:59.260 --> 00:33:04.420 let's say, an African enterprise on an infrastructure venture, 563 00:33:04.420 --> 00:33:09.460 we can examine a proposal for grant funding 564 00:33:09.460 --> 00:33:10.880 on an ongoing basis. 565 00:33:10.880 --> 00:33:14.580 We don't publish periodic calls for proposals. 566 00:33:14.580 --> 00:33:16.780 We are always receptive to proposals 567 00:33:16.780 --> 00:33:18.980 from qualifying entities. 568 00:33:18.980 --> 00:33:22.800 A brief note about what might qualify as a prospective offer 569 00:33:22.800 --> 00:33:25.260 from USTDA's perspective. 570 00:33:25.260 --> 00:33:31.860 We have to engage with an entity in an emerging market, that 571 00:33:31.860 --> 00:33:34.300 has to be our grantee. 572 00:33:34.300 --> 00:33:38.420 But no USTDA funds ever go directly to that grantee. 573 00:33:38.420 --> 00:33:42.860 We help that grantee enter into a contract with a US business 574 00:33:42.860 --> 00:33:46.620 who will provide scope of services to that grantee, 575 00:33:46.620 --> 00:33:49.820 and all of the USTDA funds go to pay the invoices 576 00:33:49.820 --> 00:33:51.740 of that contractor. 577 00:33:51.740 --> 00:33:54.200 If there are Indiana service providers, 578 00:33:54.200 --> 00:33:58.980 let's say an engineering firm, eager to work with, let's say, 579 00:33:58.980 --> 00:34:02.520 a special-purpose vehicle developing a ring fenced, 580 00:34:02.520 --> 00:34:07.140 100-megawatt, gas-fired power project in Nigeria, 581 00:34:07.140 --> 00:34:11.070 we could review a proposal from that entity, 582 00:34:11.070 --> 00:34:14.969 so from that Indiana contractor, from that gas-fired power 583 00:34:14.969 --> 00:34:19.290 project promoter for grant funding. 584 00:34:19.290 --> 00:34:22.850 Our grant packages typically are on the order of about a half 585 00:34:22.850 --> 00:34:26.330 million to $1.5 million. 586 00:34:26.330 --> 00:34:28.142 The larger the grants themselves, 587 00:34:28.142 --> 00:34:29.850 the more scrutiny they would tend to draw 588 00:34:29.850 --> 00:34:31.570 from our executive board. 589 00:34:31.570 --> 00:34:34.810 But there is plenty of precedent for us extending grants 590 00:34:34.810 --> 00:34:39.449 on the order of about $1 million for power project promotion-- 591 00:34:39.449 --> 00:34:43.610 for infrastructure project promotion more broadly. 592 00:34:43.610 --> 00:34:44.633 Sir. 593 00:34:44.633 --> 00:34:46.050 [male speaker 2] I'm just curious, 594 00:34:46.050 --> 00:34:50.050 I want to know more about the mini grid [INAUDIBLE]? 595 00:34:50.050 --> 00:34:55.530 596 00:34:55.530 --> 00:34:58.253 [DAVID] So the question was concerning the mini grid? 597 00:34:58.253 --> 00:34:59.170 [male speaker 2] Yeah. 598 00:34:59.170 --> 00:35:05.610 [DAVID] Well, the objectives of the Power Africa Initiative, 599 00:35:05.610 --> 00:35:09.110 very broadly, are to help establish new capacity. 600 00:35:09.110 --> 00:35:14.910 So new megawatts at centralized generating stations, 601 00:35:14.910 --> 00:35:21.090 but also to expand access to customers that presently aren't 602 00:35:21.090 --> 00:35:24.490 connected to any central grid. 603 00:35:24.490 --> 00:35:28.250 USTDA accomplishes that second objective in part 604 00:35:28.250 --> 00:35:31.650 by sponsoring mini grid activities. 605 00:35:31.650 --> 00:35:33.930 Now, mini grids in this context are 606 00:35:33.930 --> 00:35:39.050 defined as enterprises where a generating 607 00:35:39.050 --> 00:35:41.850 station, an electrical generating station, 608 00:35:41.850 --> 00:35:44.750 isn't interconnected with any sort of central grid. 609 00:35:44.750 --> 00:35:47.530 It's just a standalone generating and power 610 00:35:47.530 --> 00:35:49.930 distribution enterprise. 611 00:35:49.930 --> 00:35:52.850 There are several models that we are exploring 612 00:35:52.850 --> 00:35:56.010 through feasibility studies and through pilot tests 613 00:35:56.010 --> 00:35:57.570 throughout our portfolio. 614 00:35:57.570 --> 00:35:59.530 And the two that I mentioned, which 615 00:35:59.530 --> 00:36:02.410 I think are among the most compelling, 616 00:36:02.410 --> 00:36:05.800 are the Standard Microgrid model that 617 00:36:05.800 --> 00:36:11.000 were pilot testing in Zambia, and the Renewvia model 618 00:36:11.000 --> 00:36:13.480 that we're pilot testing in Kenya. 619 00:36:13.480 --> 00:36:18.440 Standard Microgrid delivers a very small kilowatt scale 620 00:36:18.440 --> 00:36:22.680 solution that rolls into the village on a trailer 621 00:36:22.680 --> 00:36:25.520 in an intermodal shipping container, 622 00:36:25.520 --> 00:36:30.320 and can be deployed once again at a kilowatt scale 623 00:36:30.320 --> 00:36:36.360 to several hundred villagers-- can establish several hundred 624 00:36:36.360 --> 00:36:37.520 new connections. 625 00:36:37.520 --> 00:36:40.360 The Renewvia model is only a little bit different. 626 00:36:40.360 --> 00:36:42.100 It is also containerized. 627 00:36:42.100 --> 00:36:45.680 It is also solar generating technology, 628 00:36:45.680 --> 00:36:52.480 but it can deliver power to perhaps 1,000 people. 629 00:36:52.480 --> 00:36:55.600 We feel like there is probably a role in the marketplace 630 00:36:55.600 --> 00:36:59.180 for certainly these two types of solutions, 631 00:36:59.180 --> 00:37:01.520 and probably many others as well. 632 00:37:01.520 --> 00:37:04.560 So we feel it's a small part of our mandate 633 00:37:04.560 --> 00:37:07.480 to provide a venue just to get those marketplaces 634 00:37:07.480 --> 00:37:09.280 out-- excuse me, get those technologies out 635 00:37:09.280 --> 00:37:11.080 into the marketplace to see what works 636 00:37:11.080 --> 00:37:16.760 and what doesn't, and to help US businesses understand 637 00:37:16.760 --> 00:37:19.240 the utility of what they're doing. 638 00:37:19.240 --> 00:37:21.960 Modify, course correct, and hopefully deploy 639 00:37:21.960 --> 00:37:23.020 at a larger scale. 640 00:37:23.020 --> 00:37:28.720 641 00:37:28.720 --> 00:37:31.640 Any other questions? 642 00:37:31.640 --> 00:37:32.200 Ma'am. 643 00:37:32.200 --> 00:37:33.200 [female speaker 1] Yeah. 644 00:37:33.200 --> 00:37:33.880 One question. 645 00:37:33.880 --> 00:37:37.380 You talked about the US, but what about other countries, 646 00:37:37.380 --> 00:37:41.440 for example, China [INAUDIBLE] portfolio infrastructure. 647 00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:45.200 How does the US compete [INAUDIBLE] 648 00:37:45.200 --> 00:37:49.098 with some of the other players [INAUDIBLE]? 649 00:37:49.098 --> 00:37:49.640 [DAVID] Sure. 650 00:37:49.640 --> 00:37:52.560 So it's an excellent point. 651 00:37:52.560 --> 00:37:55.880 China is a very strong competitor 652 00:37:55.880 --> 00:37:58.240 across sub-Saharan Africa. 653 00:37:58.240 --> 00:38:03.870 Often when there are competitive tenders released by governments, 654 00:38:03.870 --> 00:38:06.130 the Chinese can be quite competitive. 655 00:38:06.130 --> 00:38:10.110 They typically come in with a much lower cost. 656 00:38:10.110 --> 00:38:17.590 The Chinese have the benefits of being state enterprises often, 657 00:38:17.590 --> 00:38:20.270 enjoying economies of scale that the US private sector 658 00:38:20.270 --> 00:38:22.470 doesn't necessarily enjoy. 659 00:38:22.470 --> 00:38:24.990 We feel, and we feel this quite strongly, 660 00:38:24.990 --> 00:38:28.110 that US businesses can articulate 661 00:38:28.110 --> 00:38:30.230 a certain kind of a value proposition 662 00:38:30.230 --> 00:38:34.190 that Chinese businesses struggle to articulate, 663 00:38:34.190 --> 00:38:38.950 that US businesses have a lower life cycle 664 00:38:38.950 --> 00:38:46.350 cost, even if Chinese products may have a lower upfront cost. 665 00:38:46.350 --> 00:38:51.350 A big push of USTDA, over the last few years, 666 00:38:51.350 --> 00:38:55.310 has been to try to articulate that message directly 667 00:38:55.310 --> 00:38:58.830 to procurement agencies in target emerging markets 668 00:38:58.830 --> 00:39:00.590 around the world. 669 00:39:00.590 --> 00:39:03.190 For example, in an African context, 670 00:39:03.190 --> 00:39:07.570 in both Ethiopia and Botswana presently, 671 00:39:07.570 --> 00:39:11.150 we have advisors who are working with very 672 00:39:11.150 --> 00:39:16.030 sensitive, procurement-oriented agencies 673 00:39:16.030 --> 00:39:21.650 and advising them in terms of the unique value proposition, 674 00:39:21.650 --> 00:39:26.910 not just of US businesses, but of incorporating best value 675 00:39:26.910 --> 00:39:31.010 decision making into their procurement activities. 676 00:39:31.010 --> 00:39:34.590 So ensuring that it's not just the lowest cost that 677 00:39:34.590 --> 00:39:38.270 wins the award, but it's the lowest life cycle 678 00:39:38.270 --> 00:39:42.350 cost and the greatest value that wins the award. 679 00:39:42.350 --> 00:39:45.750 We feel pretty strongly that the more agencies that 680 00:39:45.750 --> 00:39:49.428 begin to focus on best value procurement out 681 00:39:49.428 --> 00:39:51.470 there in sub-Saharan Africa and in other emerging 682 00:39:51.470 --> 00:39:55.310 marketplaces, the stronger the competitive position of US 683 00:39:55.310 --> 00:39:57.290 enterprises will be. 684 00:39:57.290 --> 00:40:00.340 685 00:40:00.340 --> 00:40:03.180 Ma'am, I believe you had a question as well. 686 00:40:03.180 --> 00:40:08.140 [female speaker 2] How is the education model [INAUDIBLE] 687 00:40:08.140 --> 00:40:10.980 for vocational [INAUDIBLE]? 688 00:40:10.980 --> 00:40:15.740 689 00:40:15.740 --> 00:40:19.080 [DAVID] That's certainly a critical area. 690 00:40:19.080 --> 00:40:22.260 The question concerned capacity building 691 00:40:22.260 --> 00:40:25.180 and workforce development. 692 00:40:25.180 --> 00:40:30.540 This isn't an area where USTDA plays a direct role. 693 00:40:30.540 --> 00:40:34.620 More typically, we're involved in the feasibility study 694 00:40:34.620 --> 00:40:37.900 for the infrastructure project itself, 695 00:40:37.900 --> 00:40:40.220 not necessarily building the capacity, 696 00:40:40.220 --> 00:40:41.900 building the enabling environment 697 00:40:41.900 --> 00:40:45.140 around that facility. 698 00:40:45.140 --> 00:40:46.980 With the exception, I would say, of the work 699 00:40:46.980 --> 00:40:49.460 that we're doing around procurement reform, the work 700 00:40:49.460 --> 00:40:51.660 that we're doing, let's say, evangelizing 701 00:40:51.660 --> 00:40:56.500 about the benefits of best value procurement versus lowest cost 702 00:40:56.500 --> 00:40:57.320 procurement. 703 00:40:57.320 --> 00:41:00.800 704 00:41:00.800 --> 00:41:01.300 Sir. 705 00:41:01.300 --> 00:41:04.980 [male speaker 3] [INAUDIBLE] grants that come in and you 706 00:41:04.980 --> 00:41:10.300 talked about the building, is it new structures or the expansion 707 00:41:10.300 --> 00:41:14.900 of an existing facility in Africa as well? 708 00:41:14.900 --> 00:41:17.540 [DAVID] We certainly do both kinds. 709 00:41:17.540 --> 00:41:21.660 The small hydropower project from several slides 710 00:41:21.660 --> 00:41:24.420 ago, you might recall, that was a rehabilitation 711 00:41:24.420 --> 00:41:26.740 of an existing facility. 712 00:41:26.740 --> 00:41:28.620 More frequently, I'll say that we 713 00:41:28.620 --> 00:41:30.280 work with greenfield projects. 714 00:41:30.280 --> 00:41:32.660 So we're developing infrastructure ventures 715 00:41:32.660 --> 00:41:37.100 from scratch, but we're more than receptive to rehabilitating 716 00:41:37.100 --> 00:41:40.160 existing facilities as well. 717 00:41:40.160 --> 00:41:43.200 I think we have time for maybe one or two more questions. 718 00:41:43.200 --> 00:41:47.060 719 00:41:47.060 --> 00:41:47.580 Sir. 720 00:41:47.580 --> 00:41:51.562 721 00:41:51.562 --> 00:41:52.520 [male speaker 4] Sorry. 722 00:41:52.520 --> 00:41:54.060 There's one more question. 723 00:41:54.060 --> 00:41:57.250 I was the curious about-- 724 00:41:57.250 --> 00:42:01.390 you were particularly concerned not to impose this on Africa. 725 00:42:01.390 --> 00:42:03.530 And that's a reasonable concern, and I 726 00:42:03.530 --> 00:42:06.530 know that they're really needed with the work 727 00:42:06.530 --> 00:42:08.210 that we do there ourselves. 728 00:42:08.210 --> 00:42:11.930 But I was wondering whether you guys are considering 729 00:42:11.930 --> 00:42:15.690 helping African states and government 730 00:42:15.690 --> 00:42:22.830 have a policy structure in place that will be able, in fact, 731 00:42:22.830 --> 00:42:27.550 to appreciate all the work that has been done to Power Africa. 732 00:42:27.550 --> 00:42:31.890 733 00:42:31.890 --> 00:42:34.010 [DAVID] The Power Africa Initiative 734 00:42:34.010 --> 00:42:37.610 more broadly is working quite closely, directly 735 00:42:37.610 --> 00:42:41.530 with governments throughout the continent. 736 00:42:41.530 --> 00:42:45.410 USTDA doesn't tend to engage directly with governments, 737 00:42:45.410 --> 00:42:46.570 although we do. 738 00:42:46.570 --> 00:42:49.010 And in fact, we work with governments from time 739 00:42:49.010 --> 00:42:52.250 to time as grantees. 740 00:42:52.250 --> 00:42:58.650 In Kenya, for example, the KPCL, excuse me 741 00:42:58.650 --> 00:43:00.370 if I have the acronym incorrectly, maybe 742 00:43:00.370 --> 00:43:03.930 someone in the room can correct me, but the utility in Kenya 743 00:43:03.930 --> 00:43:05.730 is among our grantees. 744 00:43:05.730 --> 00:43:09.650 We're developing a small solar power project 745 00:43:09.650 --> 00:43:12.970 with the government of Kenya directly. 746 00:43:12.970 --> 00:43:16.130 But the larger Power Africa Initiative 747 00:43:16.130 --> 00:43:22.010 is much more engaged with host country governments. 748 00:43:22.010 --> 00:43:27.330 For example, USAID, the key implementing agency 749 00:43:27.330 --> 00:43:31.330 of Power Africa, that's the US Agency for International 750 00:43:31.330 --> 00:43:34.530 Development, they have a whole network 751 00:43:34.530 --> 00:43:39.810 of advisors who are embedded within key ministries 752 00:43:39.810 --> 00:43:42.610 in several countries. 753 00:43:42.610 --> 00:43:44.890 And they are probably in the best position 754 00:43:44.890 --> 00:43:48.890 to be describing the value of the work 755 00:43:48.890 --> 00:43:52.880 that we're doing, which the good news is that I 756 00:43:52.880 --> 00:43:56.180 believe is widely accepted. 757 00:43:56.180 --> 00:44:01.080 I believe that the countries where both USTDA and the broader 758 00:44:01.080 --> 00:44:03.160 Power Africa Initiative are most active 759 00:44:03.160 --> 00:44:05.880 are quite receptive to the work that we're doing, 760 00:44:05.880 --> 00:44:11.920 aware of its value and eager to continue to engage with us. 761 00:44:11.920 --> 00:44:12.742 Sir. 762 00:44:12.742 --> 00:44:15.200 [male speaker 5] I'm related to a university in the capital 763 00:44:15.200 --> 00:44:18.200 city of Burundi, Bujumbura. 764 00:44:18.200 --> 00:44:21.040 I wonder what your attitude is toward the more troubled parts 765 00:44:21.040 --> 00:44:24.558 of Eastern Congo and countries like Burundi. 766 00:44:24.558 --> 00:44:25.100 [DAVID] Yeah. 767 00:44:25.100 --> 00:44:27.960 I had a compelling conversation earlier this morning 768 00:44:27.960 --> 00:44:30.600 about the DRC. 769 00:44:30.600 --> 00:44:33.640 Unfortunately, there are some marketplaces 770 00:44:33.640 --> 00:44:36.440 where it's very difficult for us to do business. 771 00:44:36.440 --> 00:44:40.840 DRC and for the time being, Burundi, are among them. 772 00:44:40.840 --> 00:44:46.560 The simple problem being that it seems to us 773 00:44:46.560 --> 00:44:50.120 that the financial community regards Burundi 774 00:44:50.120 --> 00:44:55.080 as a very problematic place to extend capital, to extend debt, 775 00:44:55.080 --> 00:44:56.120 in particular. 776 00:44:56.120 --> 00:45:02.120 And as a result of that, it's viewed as certainly much more 777 00:45:02.120 --> 00:45:04.520 risky. 778 00:45:04.520 --> 00:45:06.580 That's a situation we continue to monitor. 779 00:45:06.580 --> 00:45:10.240 I would love an excuse to work in Burundi, particularly 780 00:45:10.240 --> 00:45:11.972 their small hydropower marketplace. 781 00:45:11.972 --> 00:45:13.680 There's an enormous amount of opportunity 782 00:45:13.680 --> 00:45:17.320 there to build out capacity, to extend access, 783 00:45:17.320 --> 00:45:20.320 but for the time being, we can't work there. 784 00:45:20.320 --> 00:45:22.480 Other countries in that category would 785 00:45:22.480 --> 00:45:28.480 include Zimbabwe and the other usual suspects 786 00:45:28.480 --> 00:45:31.580 of Eritrea and South Sudan. 787 00:45:31.580 --> 00:45:34.640 788 00:45:34.640 --> 00:45:36.720 I think one more question and then 789 00:45:36.720 --> 00:45:39.820 we'll have to move on if, in fact, there is another question. 790 00:45:39.820 --> 00:45:44.000 791 00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:45.297 No more questions. 792 00:45:45.297 --> 00:45:46.380 Well, thank you very much. 793 00:45:46.380 --> 00:45:49.500 [APPLAUSE] 794 00:45:49.500 --> 00:45:50.000

Description of the video:

WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:05.160 2 00:00:05.160 --> 00:00:08.119 [JEFFREY GODDIN] This class is X330 International Communication 3 00:00:08.119 --> 00:00:10.240 Strategies. 4 00:00:10.240 --> 00:00:12.720 The main goal of the class is to give students 5 00:00:12.720 --> 00:00:15.800 a model for understanding how to communicate with people 6 00:00:15.800 --> 00:00:17.880 from other cultures. 7 00:00:17.880 --> 00:00:21.620 We study a variety of factors by which to analyze, compare, 8 00:00:21.620 --> 00:00:25.200 and contrast cultures, and we want 9 00:00:25.200 --> 00:00:27.280 students to be able to apply these factors 10 00:00:27.280 --> 00:00:30.640 to their personal and professional lives. 11 00:00:30.640 --> 00:00:33.280 Now in the segment, we're about to watch students 12 00:00:33.280 --> 00:00:35.440 who are going to be applying both of these goals 13 00:00:35.440 --> 00:00:38.480 to a hypothetical business scenario. 14 00:00:38.480 --> 00:00:41.260 In this scenario, they're working with a Chinese company, 15 00:00:41.260 --> 00:00:46.240 providing infotech solutions, and working on three negotiating 16 00:00:46.240 --> 00:00:48.920 points, relatively small points, but could 17 00:00:48.920 --> 00:00:53.160 have an important effect on the business. 18 00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:55.460 Now, in the first part of this semester, 19 00:00:55.460 --> 00:00:57.600 we studied a number of authorities 20 00:00:57.600 --> 00:01:01.040 on international communication so that students 21 00:01:01.040 --> 00:01:04.090 could learn a set of factors by which to compare and contrast 22 00:01:04.090 --> 00:01:05.290 cultures. 23 00:01:05.290 --> 00:01:07.650 Some specific categories that we covered 24 00:01:07.650 --> 00:01:11.130 were: high and low context, whether people 25 00:01:11.130 --> 00:01:13.770 tend to emphasize the literal meanings of language, 26 00:01:13.770 --> 00:01:16.730 or have a higher context, or more implied 27 00:01:16.730 --> 00:01:19.010 approach to meanings. 28 00:01:19.010 --> 00:01:22.850 The general attitude toward age and seniority 29 00:01:22.850 --> 00:01:27.490 in a specific culture-- does age create privilege? 30 00:01:27.490 --> 00:01:31.770 Whether people tend to be more individualistic or collectivist, 31 00:01:31.770 --> 00:01:34.610 that is, whether the responsibility for your actions 32 00:01:34.610 --> 00:01:37.890 relates more to you as an individual or to various groups 33 00:01:37.890 --> 00:01:40.370 you might be affiliated with. 34 00:01:40.370 --> 00:01:43.970 Whether people are more results or relationship oriented. 35 00:01:43.970 --> 00:01:46.730 That is, whether they emphasize the ends of situations 36 00:01:46.730 --> 00:01:49.770 or the relationships that are created along 37 00:01:49.770 --> 00:01:51.550 with the process of doing business. 38 00:01:51.550 --> 00:01:54.650 Another important factor is the idea of face. 39 00:01:54.650 --> 00:01:58.650 Face is your reputation, your image, the level 40 00:01:58.650 --> 00:02:01.610 of respect people have for you. 41 00:02:01.610 --> 00:02:04.610 Face can be won or lost a dozen times 42 00:02:04.610 --> 00:02:07.330 throughout the course of a day. 43 00:02:07.330 --> 00:02:09.930 Another factor is hierarchy. 44 00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:12.570 Hierarchy is your place in society 45 00:02:12.570 --> 00:02:16.270 and also your formal and informal reputation. 46 00:02:16.270 --> 00:02:19.010 Again, related to what kind of face 47 00:02:19.010 --> 00:02:21.730 you've gained in working through other people? 48 00:02:21.730 --> 00:02:25.130 Now in previous classes, I've given the students 49 00:02:25.130 --> 00:02:27.690 a set of characteristics that are 50 00:02:27.690 --> 00:02:30.970 said to be true about Chinese people and Chinese culture. 51 00:02:30.970 --> 00:02:32.810 These are a little oversimplified, 52 00:02:32.810 --> 00:02:35.733 and that to really get into Chinese negotiation, 53 00:02:35.733 --> 00:02:37.650 for instance, you need to talk about a variety 54 00:02:37.650 --> 00:02:40.290 of regional negotiating styles. 55 00:02:40.290 --> 00:02:43.970 Also, for our purposes, Chinese refers to people 56 00:02:43.970 --> 00:02:46.410 from the mainland of China. 57 00:02:46.410 --> 00:02:50.350 Now, Chinese people are said to be high context, that is, 58 00:02:50.350 --> 00:02:52.690 to be aware of the broad context of business, 59 00:02:52.690 --> 00:02:55.650 and also of the implied meanings of things. 60 00:02:55.650 --> 00:02:59.050 They're said to be relationship-based. 61 00:02:59.050 --> 00:03:01.810 Relationships are crucial. 62 00:03:01.810 --> 00:03:06.620 Age carries privilege both in social and professional life. 63 00:03:06.620 --> 00:03:10.340 Chinese culture is also said to be somewhat hierarchical 64 00:03:10.340 --> 00:03:12.700 and vertical collectivist. 65 00:03:12.700 --> 00:03:14.700 A vertical collectivist culture is 66 00:03:14.700 --> 00:03:17.700 one in which people are very intereliant reliant 67 00:03:17.700 --> 00:03:20.060 on each other, but you still have 68 00:03:20.060 --> 00:03:23.140 a definite level of authority. 69 00:03:23.140 --> 00:03:25.820 Now, the concepts of face and guanxi 70 00:03:25.820 --> 00:03:29.060 are also very important in Chinese culture. 71 00:03:29.060 --> 00:03:33.380 Face is your image that can be enhanced or weakened many times 72 00:03:33.380 --> 00:03:39.460 throughout a day, and guanxi is building obligations 73 00:03:39.460 --> 00:03:42.260 from people by doing favors for them, 74 00:03:42.260 --> 00:03:44.960 and therefore creating a network of friends, 75 00:03:44.960 --> 00:03:48.460 creating a network of business associates 76 00:03:48.460 --> 00:03:52.140 with whom you share obligation and share favors, 77 00:03:52.140 --> 00:03:54.380 and in turn, share status. 78 00:03:54.380 --> 00:03:56.620 In today's class, the students will 79 00:03:56.620 --> 00:03:58.180 be using the scenario I gave them 80 00:03:58.180 --> 00:04:01.780 to answer three questions, which are slight problems that 81 00:04:01.780 --> 00:04:04.820 have occurred in working with their Chinese partner. 82 00:04:04.820 --> 00:04:09.200 I previously posted this on my electronic work site. 83 00:04:09.200 --> 00:04:12.060 Now I'm passing out hard copies so that the students can 84 00:04:12.060 --> 00:04:15.700 once again refer to the case, and work in impromptu teams 85 00:04:15.700 --> 00:04:21.260 to come up with answers to three different questions. 86 00:04:21.260 --> 00:04:23.940 You're sent over to have a look through operations 87 00:04:23.940 --> 00:04:25.820 and see if there's any little tweaking can do 88 00:04:25.820 --> 00:04:28.020 to make things more efficient. 89 00:04:28.020 --> 00:04:32.940 So you've got three possible areas to tweak here. 90 00:04:32.940 --> 00:04:36.540 One is contractor the company outsources tech 91 00:04:36.540 --> 00:04:41.060 to is charging twice as much as normal for their services. 92 00:04:41.060 --> 00:04:45.300 Second, contractors being paid out of different accounts 93 00:04:45.300 --> 00:04:48.820 makes it hard to keep records. 94 00:04:48.820 --> 00:04:54.100 Third, Mr. Chen does all the personal approval of payments 95 00:04:54.100 --> 00:04:57.160 to individual vendors, which you think is inefficient. 96 00:04:57.160 --> 00:05:00.060 You think he could delegate some of this stuff. 97 00:05:00.060 --> 00:05:04.390 So your challenge here is to figure out 98 00:05:04.390 --> 00:05:07.830 a way to talk with Mr. Chen, perhaps 99 00:05:07.830 --> 00:05:11.070 persuade Mr. Chen a little bit that things could be 100 00:05:11.070 --> 00:05:13.990 done slightly more efficiently. 101 00:05:13.990 --> 00:05:20.110 Now, you're going to analyze this in impromptu team context. 102 00:05:20.110 --> 00:05:23.670 So here's a team. 103 00:05:23.670 --> 00:05:26.590 Here's a team you can match up if you want to. 104 00:05:26.590 --> 00:05:28.910 Here's a team, and here's a team. 105 00:05:28.910 --> 00:05:31.270 [Jeffery voiceover] But there's no one exact correct set 106 00:05:31.270 --> 00:05:34.730 of answers to the three problems, but there are in fact, 107 00:05:34.730 --> 00:05:35.850 some wrong answers. 108 00:05:35.850 --> 00:05:37.350 Wrong answers would be answers that 109 00:05:37.350 --> 00:05:39.310 were inconsistent with what the students know 110 00:05:39.310 --> 00:05:41.510 about Chinese culture. 111 00:05:41.510 --> 00:05:46.010 So let's go ahead and see how they do on the three questions. 112 00:05:46.010 --> 00:05:48.910 113 00:05:48.910 --> 00:05:50.410 [INAUDIBLE] like the delegation. 114 00:05:50.410 --> 00:05:53.150 [OVERLAPPING VOICES] So are you saying that doesn't work? 115 00:05:53.150 --> 00:05:55.990 I don't know how you could bring it up to him. 116 00:05:55.990 --> 00:05:58.910 You have to make it seem-- 117 00:05:58.910 --> 00:06:00.190 Not directly like. 118 00:06:00.190 --> 00:06:01.990 --not like you're questioning [INAUDIBLE] 119 00:06:01.990 --> 00:06:04.630 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 120 00:06:04.630 --> 00:06:17.308 121 00:06:17.308 --> 00:06:18.850 [INAUDIBLE] you're probably thinking, 122 00:06:18.850 --> 00:06:20.670 oh, well, this helped out my friend too. 123 00:06:20.670 --> 00:06:22.270 And he's helping me out. 124 00:06:22.270 --> 00:06:22.790 Yeah. 125 00:06:22.790 --> 00:06:24.630 [JEFFREY] So take a couple of minutes. 126 00:06:24.630 --> 00:06:27.550 Come up with a recommendation for each area 127 00:06:27.550 --> 00:06:30.190 which you'd like to address. 128 00:06:30.190 --> 00:06:36.070 So being charged twice as much for outsourcing as is necessary, 129 00:06:36.070 --> 00:06:38.550 paying out of different accounts, 130 00:06:38.550 --> 00:06:43.270 and Mr. Chen's desire to personally approve payments 131 00:06:43.270 --> 00:06:45.110 to vendors. 132 00:06:45.110 --> 00:06:48.190 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 133 00:06:48.190 --> 00:06:56.363 134 00:06:56.363 --> 00:06:58.530 [JEFFREY] Well, first of all, a couple of questions. 135 00:06:58.530 --> 00:07:02.590 Is it relevant that Mr. Chen is twice as old as you are? 136 00:07:02.590 --> 00:07:03.790 [male student 1]Yes. 137 00:07:03.790 --> 00:07:06.440 OK, to what extent is that relevant? 138 00:07:06.440 --> 00:07:09.440 [male student 1] Because it's a rule where older people are more 139 00:07:09.440 --> 00:07:12.302 respected in the Chinese culture, in East Asian language 140 00:07:12.302 --> 00:07:14.260 in general, which is what the book talks about, 141 00:07:14.260 --> 00:07:17.160 versus in American cultures, when we 142 00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:20.320 view those people as outdated. 143 00:07:20.320 --> 00:07:23.440 They have more knowledge, because in China you 144 00:07:23.440 --> 00:07:25.240 get experience from learning through people 145 00:07:25.240 --> 00:07:27.700 rather than trying to find it yourself. 146 00:07:27.700 --> 00:07:28.200 Yeah. 147 00:07:28.200 --> 00:07:30.080 [JEFFREY] OK, cool explanation. 148 00:07:30.080 --> 00:07:31.920 And to what extent does that affect how 149 00:07:31.920 --> 00:07:33.460 you negotiate with somebody? 150 00:07:33.460 --> 00:07:36.280 151 00:07:36.280 --> 00:07:39.900 [male student 1] It's like what they said in here. 152 00:07:39.900 --> 00:07:42.520 For example, when you talk about, 153 00:07:42.520 --> 00:07:45.880 you can't have them lower price because then they 154 00:07:45.880 --> 00:07:46.700 would lose face. 155 00:07:46.700 --> 00:07:48.570 Or if you try to do something that's 156 00:07:48.570 --> 00:07:50.820 against what Mr. Chen would say-- he's twice your age. 157 00:07:50.820 --> 00:07:52.880 He's losing face to someone younger. 158 00:07:52.880 --> 00:07:55.102 Then you have to give recommendations for. 159 00:07:55.102 --> 00:07:56.560 That's one focus point of our group 160 00:07:56.560 --> 00:07:59.220 is that when we were coming up with recommendations, 161 00:07:59.220 --> 00:08:01.640 we wanted to do it in a way where it would actually 162 00:08:01.640 --> 00:08:03.640 empower him and give him mutual benefit 163 00:08:03.640 --> 00:08:07.720 and make his job easier because our recommendations make 164 00:08:07.720 --> 00:08:09.560 the overall business process better 165 00:08:09.560 --> 00:08:13.720 by making things more faster and efficient for him to do. 166 00:08:13.720 --> 00:08:16.320 [JEFFREY] OK, so let's go ahead and take recommendation number 167 00:08:16.320 --> 00:08:18.880 one. 168 00:08:18.880 --> 00:08:21.460 The contractor the company outsources some tech to 169 00:08:21.460 --> 00:08:25.280 is charging twice as much as necessary for services. 170 00:08:25.280 --> 00:08:27.880 So how can you take that philosophy in and come up 171 00:08:27.880 --> 00:08:31.040 with a way to negotiate that point? 172 00:08:31.040 --> 00:08:32.123 You're in partnership now. 173 00:08:32.123 --> 00:08:34.290 You don't think you ought to be paying twice as much 174 00:08:34.290 --> 00:08:35.659 as necessary for the services. 175 00:08:35.659 --> 00:08:38.520 So how are you going to negotiate that point? 176 00:08:38.520 --> 00:08:39.020 Yeah. 177 00:08:39.020 --> 00:08:40.559 [male student 2] I think [? not in ?] the entire strategy 178 00:08:40.559 --> 00:08:43.400 itself, but just one key aspect of the strategy would be to find 179 00:08:43.400 --> 00:08:47.440 an ally, maybe in the company, who's also older and actually 180 00:08:47.440 --> 00:08:50.480 from his company, and just kind of ally with him and have him be 181 00:08:50.480 --> 00:08:52.705 your mediator or the person who talks in between. 182 00:08:52.705 --> 00:08:54.080 And that way, you're not directly 183 00:08:54.080 --> 00:08:57.120 going to the top of the company where there may still 184 00:08:57.120 --> 00:08:58.860 be power structure in between. 185 00:08:58.860 --> 00:09:02.140 You can't really jump to his level at that time, 186 00:09:02.140 --> 00:09:06.130 and you can have a more less of a loss of face 187 00:09:06.130 --> 00:09:09.428 and more of an open communication mode. 188 00:09:09.428 --> 00:09:10.970 [JEFFREY] OK, we got a recommendation 189 00:09:10.970 --> 00:09:14.050 for forming an ally. 190 00:09:14.050 --> 00:09:16.370 Can we run with that? 191 00:09:16.370 --> 00:09:16.990 Blake. 192 00:09:16.990 --> 00:09:19.150 [BLAKE] We said to avoid losing face, 193 00:09:19.150 --> 00:09:21.490 that this company could potentially 194 00:09:21.490 --> 00:09:27.570 look for an alternative supplier that could offer lower prices. 195 00:09:27.570 --> 00:09:30.810 So instead of asking your current supplier 196 00:09:30.810 --> 00:09:33.690 for price concessions, you can go to a new supplier 197 00:09:33.690 --> 00:09:38.730 and ask for price concessions, and hopefully avoid losing face. 198 00:09:38.730 --> 00:09:41.190 [JEFFREY] OK, switch suppliers. 199 00:09:41.190 --> 00:09:42.270 [BLAKE] Not completely. 200 00:09:42.270 --> 00:09:45.770 Just temporarily, possibly until you maybe 201 00:09:45.770 --> 00:09:50.050 could establish a relationship with the other supplier. 202 00:09:50.050 --> 00:09:52.250 [JEFFREY] OK, so we got a recommendation 203 00:09:52.250 --> 00:09:54.090 for a different supplier. 204 00:09:54.090 --> 00:09:56.450 Let's go ahead and write down some of these. 205 00:09:56.450 --> 00:09:58.710 We got forming an ally. 206 00:09:58.710 --> 00:10:05.330 207 00:10:05.330 --> 00:10:07.970 Starting a recommendation with a new supplier, but maybe not 208 00:10:07.970 --> 00:10:10.610 an exclusive relationship. 209 00:10:10.610 --> 00:10:11.370 Aaron. 210 00:10:11.370 --> 00:10:14.050 [AARON] Wouldn't that hurt one of the Chinese business 211 00:10:14.050 --> 00:10:17.570 practices main focuses of keeping the relationship 212 00:10:17.570 --> 00:10:19.770 at the forefront of all business? 213 00:10:19.770 --> 00:10:22.810 Because one of their main focuses 214 00:10:22.810 --> 00:10:25.890 is extending the guanxi network, which 215 00:10:25.890 --> 00:10:28.530 is like the whole relationship focus. 216 00:10:28.530 --> 00:10:34.650 So if you're looking to go to a new supplier, 217 00:10:34.650 --> 00:10:37.490 isn't it a way of saying that we don't trust you 218 00:10:37.490 --> 00:10:38.910 because you're overcharging us? 219 00:10:38.910 --> 00:10:43.850 And especially since he's really good friends with the company, 220 00:10:43.850 --> 00:10:48.670 isn't that likely to be seen by Mr. Chen as a bad decision? 221 00:10:48.670 --> 00:10:51.090 And couldn't that lose face for you 222 00:10:51.090 --> 00:10:53.923 for actually making such a suggestion? 223 00:10:53.923 --> 00:10:56.090 [JEFFREY] Yeah, we mentioned in the case description 224 00:10:56.090 --> 00:10:58.490 that supplier had been dealing with the company 225 00:10:58.490 --> 00:11:02.690 since the company started, so it would 226 00:11:02.690 --> 00:11:04.850 be pretty tricky to try and start a relationship 227 00:11:04.850 --> 00:11:07.700 with a new supplier. 228 00:11:07.700 --> 00:11:10.820 As Aaron said, great potential for loss of face, if it 229 00:11:10.820 --> 00:11:12.740 wasn't done very tactfully. 230 00:11:12.740 --> 00:11:13.360 Yeah. 231 00:11:13.360 --> 00:11:14.460 [female student 1] Maybe to piggyback on that, 232 00:11:14.460 --> 00:11:16.620 I don't know, maybe to appeal to the relationship 233 00:11:16.620 --> 00:11:18.500 and the reciprocity, so maybe the supplier 234 00:11:18.500 --> 00:11:20.580 would want to have a lower price for you 235 00:11:20.580 --> 00:11:23.360 because you have been doing business for such a long time. 236 00:11:23.360 --> 00:11:26.060 So they want to give back instead of being 237 00:11:26.060 --> 00:11:27.440 in debt to a relationship. 238 00:11:27.440 --> 00:11:30.220 239 00:11:30.220 --> 00:11:31.780 [JEFFREY] OK, so the recommendation 240 00:11:31.780 --> 00:11:34.440 is since you've had such a good long-term relationship, 241 00:11:34.440 --> 00:11:35.900 perhaps at this point you can start 242 00:11:35.900 --> 00:11:37.360 negotiating for a lower price. 243 00:11:37.360 --> 00:11:38.140 Aaron. 244 00:11:38.140 --> 00:11:42.360 [AARON] We had a similar idea with slight variation. 245 00:11:42.360 --> 00:11:44.300 But we were thinking maybe you actually 246 00:11:44.300 --> 00:11:47.180 go and talk to the supplier-- with Mr. Chen-- 247 00:11:47.180 --> 00:11:50.542 and maybe use language that would suggest maybe 248 00:11:50.542 --> 00:11:53.000 then lowering your price, so you don't come out and say it. 249 00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:54.980 So maybe they have the opportunity 250 00:11:54.980 --> 00:11:58.980 to say that, hey, we'll drop our price if it helps you out. 251 00:11:58.980 --> 00:12:02.300 So they save face by making the suggestion themselves, 252 00:12:02.300 --> 00:12:05.940 and you stay in the relationship. 253 00:12:05.940 --> 00:12:11.300 [JEFFREY] OK, that is a very, very nice and subtle suggestion, 254 00:12:11.300 --> 00:12:14.880 and gives us some possibility for higher context language. 255 00:12:14.880 --> 00:12:20.540 Can anybody think of a good way to say that without saying it? 256 00:12:20.540 --> 00:12:21.040 Yeah. 257 00:12:21.040 --> 00:12:21.620 [female student 2] Well, we were kind 258 00:12:21.620 --> 00:12:23.900 of thinking of saying something along the lines of, 259 00:12:23.900 --> 00:12:27.280 as you're going into the dinner, you're talking 260 00:12:27.280 --> 00:12:29.340 and then you say something like, oh, we're 261 00:12:29.340 --> 00:12:33.660 struggling with this and this, and then they 262 00:12:33.660 --> 00:12:36.640 have the opportunity to say, oh, but we can help you. 263 00:12:36.640 --> 00:12:39.940 And then they gain face, you don't really lose face, 264 00:12:39.940 --> 00:12:43.280 and everyone's happy. 265 00:12:43.280 --> 00:12:45.780 [JEFFREY] OK, I think we're well on our way to making people 266 00:12:45.780 --> 00:12:48.916 happy now. 267 00:12:48.916 --> 00:12:52.180 And you know, probably the broad. 268 00:12:52.180 --> 00:12:52.680 Go ahead. 269 00:12:52.680 --> 00:12:53.140 [male student 3] Well, what happens 270 00:12:53.140 --> 00:12:54.900 if they don't catch on to that? 271 00:12:54.900 --> 00:12:55.910 Then what's next? 272 00:12:55.910 --> 00:12:58.160 [female student 2] There are a higher-context culture, 273 00:12:58.160 --> 00:13:01.540 so they're going to be more attuned to these kind 274 00:13:01.540 --> 00:13:05.317 of subtle nuances and metaphors for that kind of thing. 275 00:13:05.317 --> 00:13:06.900 [male student 2] I think another thing 276 00:13:06.900 --> 00:13:09.770 we can do to create some high-context culture, 277 00:13:09.770 --> 00:13:12.830 you can go and list multiple accomplishments that you 278 00:13:12.830 --> 00:13:14.558 made in some of the better areas, 279 00:13:14.558 --> 00:13:16.350 but then also single out some of the areas, 280 00:13:16.350 --> 00:13:19.750 you know, oh, we're doing wonderful with A, and B, and C, 281 00:13:19.750 --> 00:13:22.010 we're just having a few little issues here, 282 00:13:22.010 --> 00:13:25.147 which is really the area that they can most help out in. 283 00:13:25.147 --> 00:13:27.230 And that without actually coming out and saying it 284 00:13:27.230 --> 00:13:29.110 would help too. 285 00:13:29.110 --> 00:13:30.450 [JEFFREY] OK, great. 286 00:13:30.450 --> 00:13:32.430 Great recommendation for a higher-context 287 00:13:32.430 --> 00:13:35.630 approach without directly confronting the problem. 288 00:13:35.630 --> 00:13:38.490 Because if you said what was going well, 289 00:13:38.490 --> 00:13:41.110 then the category that you didn't mention 290 00:13:41.110 --> 00:13:43.250 would obviously be a category of focus. 291 00:13:43.250 --> 00:13:49.670 292 00:13:49.670 --> 00:13:53.270 So point number two. 293 00:13:53.270 --> 00:13:55.650 Contractors being paid at a different accounts, 294 00:13:55.650 --> 00:13:58.350 making the record keeping more difficult. 295 00:13:58.350 --> 00:14:00.550 So you'd like to see all of the expenses come out 296 00:14:00.550 --> 00:14:02.030 of the same account. 297 00:14:02.030 --> 00:14:04.470 Now that's a little thing. 298 00:14:04.470 --> 00:14:07.150 Can anybody speculate why Mr. Chen might be doing it 299 00:14:07.150 --> 00:14:08.450 that way to start with? 300 00:14:08.450 --> 00:14:11.115 301 00:14:11.115 --> 00:14:12.990 Paying people out of different accounts, when 302 00:14:12.990 --> 00:14:14.750 you think it would be more efficient to pay out of one 303 00:14:14.750 --> 00:14:15.250 account. 304 00:14:15.250 --> 00:14:23.945 305 00:14:23.945 --> 00:14:26.070 [male student 3] I mean, an obvious possible reason 306 00:14:26.070 --> 00:14:27.790 is that maybe different people are 307 00:14:27.790 --> 00:14:29.030 in charge of different accounts, and he 308 00:14:29.030 --> 00:14:30.310 doesn't want to have to consolidate 309 00:14:30.310 --> 00:14:31.910 his workforce of people that have worked there 310 00:14:31.910 --> 00:14:32.850 for a long time. 311 00:14:32.850 --> 00:14:35.910 So in order to keep people employed, 312 00:14:35.910 --> 00:14:38.603 that's the method that they're using. 313 00:14:38.603 --> 00:14:40.520 [JEFFREY] Yeah, I think that's quite possible. 314 00:14:40.520 --> 00:14:41.150 Blake? 315 00:14:41.150 --> 00:14:42.567 [BLAKE] I would guess that he just 316 00:14:42.567 --> 00:14:45.270 doesn't want to make it clear as to how much they're actually 317 00:14:45.270 --> 00:14:48.010 paying the suppliers. 318 00:14:48.010 --> 00:14:50.170 It's probably clear that they're overpaying. 319 00:14:50.170 --> 00:14:52.910 But by taking the money out of different accounts, 320 00:14:52.910 --> 00:14:55.730 you don't have one huge amount coming out of one account. 321 00:14:55.730 --> 00:14:58.870 It's a lot of small amounts coming from multiple accounts. 322 00:14:58.870 --> 00:15:01.850 [JEFFREY] OK, so we got two possible reasons there. 323 00:15:01.850 --> 00:15:03.270 One is that the different accounts 324 00:15:03.270 --> 00:15:06.572 are different people's areas of jurisdiction, basically. 325 00:15:06.572 --> 00:15:08.030 And you want to keep things the way 326 00:15:08.030 --> 00:15:09.840 they are in terms of the workforce. 327 00:15:09.840 --> 00:15:13.040 The other one is to possibly not show just how much you're paying 328 00:15:13.040 --> 00:15:14.740 and the overpayment situation. 329 00:15:14.740 --> 00:15:17.100 So taking those into consideration, 330 00:15:17.100 --> 00:15:19.520 can anybody think of a good argument 331 00:15:19.520 --> 00:15:23.700 for, well, it would be better if we just paid out of one account. 332 00:15:23.700 --> 00:15:28.000 333 00:15:28.000 --> 00:15:32.560 See, it's a little thing, but a lot of negotiation points 334 00:15:32.560 --> 00:15:34.140 are in fact little things. 335 00:15:34.140 --> 00:15:47.200 336 00:15:47.200 --> 00:15:49.960 Ryan, do you have any insights on-- 337 00:15:49.960 --> 00:15:52.360 [RYAN] Well, you'd probably would 338 00:15:52.360 --> 00:15:56.100 want to approach him by asking why they're doing it that way. 339 00:15:56.100 --> 00:16:00.160 Since he is the number two person in the company 340 00:16:00.160 --> 00:16:04.380 and has such authority, they have a reason for doing it. 341 00:16:04.380 --> 00:16:06.760 So if you can figure out what their reason is, 342 00:16:06.760 --> 00:16:08.680 then you can approach him and say, well, 343 00:16:08.680 --> 00:16:12.280 maybe it could be easier for you to have that number coming out 344 00:16:12.280 --> 00:16:16.720 of one account so that it's clear how much is coming out, 345 00:16:16.720 --> 00:16:18.920 and you have your number set so you 346 00:16:18.920 --> 00:16:22.000 see that more clearly in your accounting is easier. 347 00:16:22.000 --> 00:16:24.080 But you would want to approach it 348 00:16:24.080 --> 00:16:27.760 so that you maintain his faith, and he's 349 00:16:27.760 --> 00:16:31.160 able to explain himself and his reasoning first. 350 00:16:31.160 --> 00:16:32.930 [JEFFREY] Yeah, good recommendation. 351 00:16:32.930 --> 00:16:34.680 At that point, you can't really deal with, 352 00:16:34.680 --> 00:16:36.800 if you find out the why of it. 353 00:16:36.800 --> 00:16:39.890 If you find out why he's doing it that way-- yes. 354 00:16:39.890 --> 00:16:42.140 [female student 2] I think that's a really great idea, 355 00:16:42.140 --> 00:16:46.120 but I'm wondering if just because of the hierarchy 356 00:16:46.120 --> 00:16:49.400 situation, whether if you ask a question of a superior, 357 00:16:49.400 --> 00:16:51.680 and then they feel like they're defending themselves, 358 00:16:51.680 --> 00:16:55.520 whether that would go off well. 359 00:16:55.520 --> 00:16:57.960 [JEFFREY] Well, it isn't exactly the same situation 360 00:16:57.960 --> 00:17:01.000 because he's older than you are, but your partners. 361 00:17:01.000 --> 00:17:03.660 So it's not really a superior subordinate situation. 362 00:17:03.660 --> 00:17:06.160 It's a partner and partner situation. 363 00:17:06.160 --> 00:17:08.859 So there wouldn't be quite as much problem with face and that, 364 00:17:08.859 --> 00:17:12.770 but, of course, you'd still have the age difference. 365 00:17:12.770 --> 00:17:14.829 So I think we'll go with the recommendation, 366 00:17:14.829 --> 00:17:17.190 postpone action until we find out more about the why. 367 00:17:17.190 --> 00:17:22.530 368 00:17:22.530 --> 00:17:25.369 Third, Mr. Chen feels that he has 369 00:17:25.369 --> 00:17:29.330 to personally approve payments to the various vendors. 370 00:17:29.330 --> 00:17:32.290 He's also a little casual about record keeping. 371 00:17:32.290 --> 00:17:35.850 You think he ought to delegate more authority so that things 372 00:17:35.850 --> 00:17:38.050 will move faster. 373 00:17:38.050 --> 00:17:41.070 How would you persuade him into delegating more authority? 374 00:17:41.070 --> 00:17:43.512 375 00:17:43.512 --> 00:17:44.970 [male student 2] I think that could 376 00:17:44.970 --> 00:17:46.610 be another situation with the allies 377 00:17:46.610 --> 00:17:50.130 where not necessarily you're just talking through the ally, 378 00:17:50.130 --> 00:17:51.822 but you're also suggesting, oh, you've 379 00:17:51.822 --> 00:17:53.530 done such a great job with this, but it's 380 00:17:53.530 --> 00:17:55.150 got to be so overburdensome. 381 00:17:55.150 --> 00:17:57.870 So why don't you have someone who's an ally? 382 00:17:57.870 --> 00:18:00.730 So obviously, that person has face with Mr. Chen, 383 00:18:00.730 --> 00:18:03.350 also helping him with his workload 384 00:18:03.350 --> 00:18:09.530 so it's not as hard on him, it's a little easier, and still 385 00:18:09.530 --> 00:18:12.390 maintaining his face for such a great job that he's done so far. 386 00:18:12.390 --> 00:18:14.990 [JEFFREY] Well, yeah, I like that. 387 00:18:14.990 --> 00:18:18.210 I like the way you worked in the compliment too. 388 00:18:18.210 --> 00:18:18.710 Yes. 389 00:18:18.710 --> 00:18:20.330 [female student 1] I think also, too, 390 00:18:20.330 --> 00:18:21.850 on the back where you said, that sounds 391 00:18:21.850 --> 00:18:23.850 like something that wouldn't work in China or why would 392 00:18:23.850 --> 00:18:24.490 it work. 393 00:18:24.490 --> 00:18:25.865 We thought maybe you could appeal 394 00:18:25.865 --> 00:18:27.730 to the collectivism of the country, 395 00:18:27.730 --> 00:18:31.930 and talk about how they can't be successful without the input 396 00:18:31.930 --> 00:18:32.910 of all the employees. 397 00:18:32.910 --> 00:18:34.650 So by delegating, everyone would be 398 00:18:34.650 --> 00:18:38.530 working towards the common goal together. 399 00:18:38.530 --> 00:18:42.830 [JEFFREY] OK, team four, input. 400 00:18:42.830 --> 00:18:44.330 [male student 4] We've actually said 401 00:18:44.330 --> 00:18:48.130 that if we allow Mr. Chen to personally pick 402 00:18:48.130 --> 00:18:52.290 the person that would be in charge of delegating 403 00:18:52.290 --> 00:18:54.370 the payments or whatever, and he would still 404 00:18:54.370 --> 00:18:59.290 have somewhat of a supervisory role over the whole payment 405 00:18:59.290 --> 00:19:00.250 process. 406 00:19:00.250 --> 00:19:02.730 And so he'd still be able to be in charge 407 00:19:02.730 --> 00:19:05.610 because he's personally responsible in picking 408 00:19:05.610 --> 00:19:11.460 the person who's now taking over the payment. 409 00:19:11.460 --> 00:19:15.120 [JEFFREY] OK, sounds very logical. 410 00:19:15.120 --> 00:19:17.340 And that would save his face somewhat, 411 00:19:17.340 --> 00:19:19.763 if he gets to personally choose the person. 412 00:19:19.763 --> 00:19:22.180 [male student 1] The key thing that our group talked about 413 00:19:22.180 --> 00:19:25.980 was, judging from his response, you're 414 00:19:25.980 --> 00:19:28.020 trying to get in the same mindset of him. 415 00:19:28.020 --> 00:19:30.187 When you're trying to get in the same mindset of him 416 00:19:30.187 --> 00:19:33.620 in the power dynamics, you want the suggestion to actually 417 00:19:33.620 --> 00:19:36.280 be something that would enhance his power. 418 00:19:36.280 --> 00:19:38.140 So when you go to him and you say, 419 00:19:38.140 --> 00:19:41.140 if you delegate it off to more people, then they can do more 420 00:19:41.140 --> 00:19:43.540 and then you can focus more of your time overlooking 421 00:19:43.540 --> 00:19:44.120 all of them. 422 00:19:44.120 --> 00:19:45.537 It actually gives you more control 423 00:19:45.537 --> 00:19:48.020 in the long term over more potential things that 424 00:19:48.020 --> 00:19:51.220 can happen with the partnerships, and the vendors, 425 00:19:51.220 --> 00:19:52.280 and everything. 426 00:19:52.280 --> 00:19:55.537 So from that angle, your suggestion 427 00:19:55.537 --> 00:19:57.620 isn't something that's forcing him to do something 428 00:19:57.620 --> 00:19:59.900 in American way that you originally did, 429 00:19:59.900 --> 00:20:02.000 which is why he rejected you initially, 430 00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:04.340 but it's something that it sounds 431 00:20:04.340 --> 00:20:07.520 like it would come from him, that would benefit him, 432 00:20:07.520 --> 00:20:08.472 that's in his mindset. 433 00:20:08.472 --> 00:20:10.180 So that's where the emphasis of our group 434 00:20:10.180 --> 00:20:12.700 came from under that recommendation. 435 00:20:12.700 --> 00:20:14.373 [JEFFREY] OK, sounds good. 436 00:20:14.373 --> 00:20:16.040 Yeah, we're not reducing your authority. 437 00:20:16.040 --> 00:20:17.660 We're in fact enhancing your authority 438 00:20:17.660 --> 00:20:21.180 by taking some of the burden away from you. 439 00:20:21.180 --> 00:20:22.820 Aaron, [INAUDIBLE] 440 00:20:22.820 --> 00:20:26.100 [AARON] I was thinking somewhat similarly. 441 00:20:26.100 --> 00:20:29.180 You want to say that, oh, you're so important to the company. 442 00:20:29.180 --> 00:20:31.240 You have a lot of important things to do. 443 00:20:31.240 --> 00:20:32.800 Maybe you want to delegate this. 444 00:20:32.800 --> 00:20:35.440 And it says that they're possibly looking to expand, 445 00:20:35.440 --> 00:20:38.160 so maybe you could talk about how with the extra time, 446 00:20:38.160 --> 00:20:40.220 you could work towards the future of the company 447 00:20:40.220 --> 00:20:45.260 and expanding it like bigger business opportunities, 448 00:20:45.260 --> 00:20:47.220 or something like that. 449 00:20:47.220 --> 00:20:49.860 It was the same thing they were saying. 450 00:20:49.860 --> 00:20:54.220 [JEFFREY] OK, well, very good. 451 00:20:54.220 --> 00:20:56.677 Does anybody have any supplementary comments 452 00:20:56.677 --> 00:20:58.010 on any of these recommendations? 453 00:20:58.010 --> 00:20:58.640 Blake? 454 00:20:58.640 --> 00:21:01.085 455 00:21:01.085 --> 00:21:02.960 [BLAKE] Well, going along with what they say, 456 00:21:02.960 --> 00:21:05.060 I think it's important to highlight his status 457 00:21:05.060 --> 00:21:06.860 and how it's more important for him 458 00:21:06.860 --> 00:21:09.940 to do strategic tasks, like being 459 00:21:09.940 --> 00:21:12.870 the visionary of the company, rather than doing day 460 00:21:12.870 --> 00:21:15.670 to day administrative things, but definitely 461 00:21:15.670 --> 00:21:17.670 highlight his status and his wisdom 462 00:21:17.670 --> 00:21:20.310 when you're approaching him about that. 463 00:21:20.310 --> 00:21:22.110 [JEFFREY] OK. 464 00:21:22.110 --> 00:21:23.310 Yeah. 465 00:21:23.310 --> 00:21:27.830 So any other summary on recommendations? 466 00:21:27.830 --> 00:21:29.110 Pretty hot. 467 00:21:29.110 --> 00:21:29.610 Pretty hot. 468 00:21:29.610 --> 00:21:32.550 You avoided all the common pitfalls-- 469 00:21:32.550 --> 00:21:34.430 situation like this. 470 00:21:34.430 --> 00:21:35.950 No nobody made the recommendation 471 00:21:35.950 --> 00:21:38.790 of going over his head, which would have been terrible. 472 00:21:38.790 --> 00:21:41.390 [LAUGHTER] 473 00:21:41.390 --> 00:21:42.990 [male student 1] You taught us well. 474 00:21:42.990 --> 00:21:44.907 [JEFFREY] OK, nobody made that recommendation. 475 00:21:44.907 --> 00:21:45.590 That's great. 476 00:21:45.590 --> 00:21:47.527 It's the first time it hasn't happened. 477 00:21:47.527 --> 00:21:50.110 [Jeffrey voiceover] Today, our students have had some practice 478 00:21:50.110 --> 00:21:51.790 applying cultural factors they've 479 00:21:51.790 --> 00:21:55.990 learned to a simulated case situation. 480 00:21:55.990 --> 00:21:57.630 I think they did a pretty good job 481 00:21:57.630 --> 00:22:00.110 in identifying important things to consider, 482 00:22:00.110 --> 00:22:03.150 and working with an international partner. 483 00:22:03.150 --> 00:22:06.230 Hopefully, this kind of exercise will be something 484 00:22:06.230 --> 00:22:08.390 that they can add to their overall knowledge, 485 00:22:08.390 --> 00:22:10.150 and maybe be of some real benefit 486 00:22:10.150 --> 00:22:12.500 sometime in their future careers. 487 00:22:12.500 --> 00:22:13.000